Indonesian Journal of International Relations

STRATEGI MILITER ART OF WAR PADA PROSES INTERNASIONALISASI PT INDOFOOD CBP DI AFRIKA

Imam Fadchurrozi — 2025-03-03

This study aims to analyze the application of Sun Tzu’s Art of War principles in PT Indofood CBP’s internationalization strategy in Africa. A qualitative approach with descriptive analysis is employed, utilizing the OLI Paradigm (Ownership, Location, Internalization) as an analytical framework to examine factors influencing Indofood’s expansion. Sun Tzu’s principles, such as knowing oneself and the competition, flexibility, and strategic alliances, are analyzed alongside Indofood’s ownership advantages in technology and production (O), the attractiveness of investment locations in Africa (L), and internalization strategies to maintain control over supply chains and distribution (I). The findings indicate that Indofood adapts its products to local preferences and establishes strategic partnerships, including social initiatives such as polio vaccination programs, to strengthen market penetration. This study concludes that integrating Sun Tzu’s military strategies with the OLI Paradigm offers valuable insights for companies navigating complex and competitive global markets.

DIFUSI NORMA GLOBAL KESETARAAN GENDER DI KOREA SELATAN TAHUN 2015-2023

Octaviyanti Putri — 2025-07-28

This research discusses the diffusion of global gender equality norms in South Korea through the analysis of the Norm Diffusion theory by Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink. The main focus is on how the gender equality norms initiated by the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) are implemented in South Korea. Despite ratifying CEDAW in 1984, South Korea still faces significant challenges in achieving gender equality, largely due to strong patriarchal and Confucian values. This study identifies that the diffusion of gender equality norms is hindered by local political opportunity structures and weak grassroots movement support. Additionally, low publicity and awareness of CEDAW among the public and cultural barriers slow down the process of norm cascade and internalization of gender equality norms. The study concludes that to improve the acceptance and implementation of gender equality norms in South Korea, there needs to be significant changes in societal attitudes and more proactive government policies

THE KEMITRAAN NEGARA BERKEMBANG (KNB) DIPLOMACY: LEVERAGING SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM TO ADVANCE INDONESIA’S EPISTEMIC SOFT POWER IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH

Christopher Gerale — 2025-08-05

This research conceptualizes Indonesia’s Kemitraan Negara Berkembang (KNB) Scholarship Program as an epistemic infrastructure that challenges the Western-centric foundations of international relations (IR) and reconfigures South-South cooperation (SSC). Anchored in constructivism, Global South theory, decolonial epistemologies, and pluriversal diplomacy, the study adopts a qualitative design using document analysis, alumni narratives, and autoethnographic reflection. The findings demonstrate that KNB operationalizes a non-aligned, post-hegemonic vision of global order by facilitating cross-cultural academic mobility, legitimizing indigenous knowledge systems, and cultivating scholar-diplomats as non-state agents of diplomacy. The study concludes that KNB Diplomacy strengthens Indonesia’s normative leadership and offers a replicable framework for ethical, plural, and transformative international cooperation grounded in epistemic justice.

REZIM KEAMANAN MARITIM INDONESIA-FILIPINA DALAM PEMBERANTASAN PENYELUNDUPAN DI PERBATASAN LAUT SULAWESI

Micha Angelia Loing — 2025-08-05

This article seeks to examine Indonesia and the Philippines in tackling various blue crimes on Sulawesi Sea borderline. It was reviewed using the theory of international regimes by Stephen D. Krashner and then elaborated with the theory of interdependence complexity, which was aligned along with the concept of blue crime. The research method used in this research is qualitative based on case studies, with data sources obtained from the results of the interview combined with documentation which is then validated with deductive analysis techniques. The results of the research found that maritime pathology in the Sulawesi Sea has experienced an increase in smuggling and produced various smuggling network motives, thus showing the limitations of maritime security actors in thoroughly investigating smuggling in border areas which resulted in the Sulawesi Sea becoming an arena for the complexity of interdependence between the two sovereign countries, reflecting a rift in the maritime security regime that has not been effective enough to be implemented

KEAMANAN MANUSIA DAN EKOLOGI POLITIK DALAM PERTAMBANGAN KOBALT DI REPUBLIK DEMOKRATIK KONGO

Hikmatul Karimah — 2025-08-05

This study analyzes human security and political ecology issues in cobalt mining practices in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), a central hub in the global green energy supply chain. Employing a qualitative case study approach with content analysis, this research utilizes the UNDP's Human Security concept and Paul Robbins' Political Ecology framework as its theoretical lens. Findings reveal that mine workers, including women and children, operate under inhumane conditions without adequate legal protection. Such exploitation reflects the unequal power relations between global actors and local communities within the mineral supply chain. This study concludes that energy sustainability cannot be separated from principles of social and ecological justice, advocating for more ethical and accountable global mineral supply chain governance

DIFFUSION OF INNOVATION IN THE RUSSIA-UKRAINE WAR: A PORTRAIT OF MODERN WARFARE EVOLUTION

Muhammad Alfian Maulana — 2025-08-05

This research aims to analyze the adoption of weapon technology in the Russia-Ukraine conflict, specifically focusing on drones, Starlink, and AI-based systems, as a reflection of the evolution of modern warfare. Utilizing Everett Rogers' Diffusion of Innovations Theory, this study investigates how innovation characteristics—relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability—influence the spread of technology within military systems of both sides. A qualitative approach is applied through the analysis of secondary documents, including academic reports, journal articles, and media news, with triangulation employed to ensure data validity. The main findings indicate that technology adoption dynamics are driven by urgent tactical needs and adaptive organizational structures. Both Ukraine and Russia demonstrate rapid innovation cycles through adaptation and emulation of opponent tactics. The conclusion of this research is that the successful adoption of military technology on the modern battlefield heavily relies on the perception of these innovation characteristics, as well as the capacity for adaptation within a dynamic conflict context

ORGANISASI KERJA SAMA ISLAM (OKI) SEBAGAI ENTITAS KOSMOPOLITAN DEMOKRATIK: ANALISIS DINAMIKA INTERNAL DAN TANTANGAN STRUKTURAL

Sabda Ningsih — 2025-08-05

This study analyzes the internal dynamics and structural challenges faced by the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) in realizing a democratic cosmopolitan entity, addressing a literature gap regarding its democratic practices. Employing the concept of democratic cosmopolitanism with indicators of inter-state equality, cultural hybridity, and individual Human Rights (HR) implementation, this qualitative descriptive-analytical research utilizes document analysis. Findings reveal that the OIC grapples with inter-state inequality due to political hegemony, and while efforts for cultural hybridity exist, internal sectarian diversity remains largely unintegrated. Individual HR implementation is selective, with political participation often restricted despite some progress in social and cultural HR. In conclusion, the OIC demonstrates selectivity in adopting democratic elements, showing cautious openness in economic democracy and certain social/cultural HR issues; however, dominant internal political dynamics and structural challenges, particularly hegemony and unresolved cultural issues, position the OIC far from being a fully democratic cosmopolitan entity.

DINAMIKA KELOMPOK SEPARATIS DONBAS: IMPLIKASI TERHADAP ESKALASI KONFLIK RUSIA-UKRAINA

Prastri Kamurahang — 2025-08-05

This study analyzes the dynamics of separatist groups in the Donbas region, influenced by ethnic and linguistic factors, and their implications for the escalation of the Russia-Ukraine conflict. Using a qualitative approach and desk research within a neorealist theoretical framework, this study explores how Russia's military, economic, and political support transformed these separatists into effective actors. This also forms part of Russia's geopolitical strategy against NATO and EU expansion. Donbas separatist groups function as Russia's proxies and political tools, creating a conflict zone that prolongs regional instability. This support exacerbates tensions and hinders diplomatic efforts. This research concludes that Donbas separatists are geopolitical instruments significantly prolonging the conflict, impeding peaceful resolution, and worsening Russia's relations with the West

STRATEGI MEMBINGKAI CITRA JEPANG DALAM TOKYO MARATHON

Inesha Syayadi — 2025-08-05

This study analyzes how the Tokyo Marathon is utilized as a strategic platform to frame Japan's image. Employing a qualitative approach and interpreted through a constructivist lens, the research applies the concepts of soft power (Nye), nation branding (Anholt), and public diplomacy (Cull). Findings indicate that the Tokyo Marathon effectively projects Japan's image as a modern, efficient, and culturally rich nation. It achieves this through the appeal of cultural values (omotenashi), social inclusivity, and precise event management. The predominantly positive public reception confirms the success of these efforts in shaping international perceptions. The study concludes that the Tokyo Marathon serves as a potent instrument in non-coercively constructing Japan's global identity

STRATEGI ASEAN DALAM MENGHINDARI RIVALITAS HEGEMONI ‘BIG POWER STATES’ DI KAWASAN ASIA TENGGARA

Rafika Husna — 2025-08-06

This study aims to analyze ASEAN's strategy in facing the potential hegemonic rivalry among big power states in Southeast Asia. Employing a qualitative research method using secondary data, this study is grounded in the expanded balance of power theory from the neorealist/structural realist school of thought, with ASEAN's hedging strategy as its overarching framework. The research findings indicate that ASEAN adopts a hedging strategy through four main dimensions: soft bandwagoning/strategic engagement, soft balancing (internal), strategic ambiguity/dual positioning, and risk management strategy. These dimensions are manifested in initiatives such as ASEAN Centrality, the ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific (AOIP), the Zone of Peace, Freedom, and Neutrality (ZOPFAN) as a multilateral security framework, and efforts to balance institutions and ideas. In conclusion, ASEAN can effectively avoid hegemonic rivalry in the region by maintaining a collaborative and adaptive hedging strategy

TAIWAN’S OVERALL DEFENCE CONCEPT MILITARY POSTURE: A SECURITIZATION THEORY ANALYSIS

Muhammad Erza Aimar Rizky — 2025-08-06

The entrance of President Tsai Ing-Wen’s party, the DPP, into power marked a shift in Taiwan’s attitude towards China. This comes as a response to China’s increasingly threatening rhetoric and incursion on Taiwan’s de facto sovereignty in the latter half of the 2010s. Taiwan’s military chief during Tsai’s presidency, Admiral Lee Hsi-Min, introduced the Overall Defense Concept (ODC) during his tenure as the basis for reform in the armed forces posture. The introduction of ODC signals the acceptance of Taiwan’s military establishment on China as the primary existential threat. We analyzed the securitizing process with a version of securitization theory from Thierry Balzacq. To operationalize this theory, this paper will use a qualitative approach using literature study. We hypothesize that the change in Taiwan’s security officials' perception towards China and the adoption of ODC is caused by the increasingly aggressive approach by Beijing towards Taipei.

WELFARE OR DESPAIR? ITALY AND SPAIN’S DIVERGING WELFARE STATE POLICIES AFTER COVID-19

Martinus Tejakusuma — 2025-08-12

The objective of this study is to investigate how right-wing populist parties influenced post-pandemic welfare state policy shifts, particularly in family welfare, gender equality, and immigration. This research utilizes right-wing populism and welfare state regime theories. Employing a Most Similar Systems Design (MSSD) and a qualitative comparative case study approach, this research analyzes policy changes from 2020-2024 using secondary data. Findings indicate that Italy, under right-wing populist governance, adopted exclusionary policies, reinforced traditional family structures, and restricted migrant access to social benefits. Conversely, Spain’s governance expanded social protections, promoting inclusive gender policies and migrant integration. The study concludes that right-wing populism significantly shaped divergent welfare state responses in these comparable Southern European contexts.