Indonesian Journal of International Relations

PERAN PEMERINTAH INDONESIA DALAM MENDORONG TRANSISI ENERGI MELALUI SOUTH-SOUTH AND TRIANGULAR COOPERATION

Tunjung Wijanarka — 2024-08-08

This article examines the Indonesian governmentâ€™s role in using the South-South and Triangular Cooperation (SSTC) mechanism to promote clean energy transition and accomplish the Paris Agreementâ€™s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDCs) targets through the Clean, Affordable, and Secure Energy for Southeast Asia (CASE) Project. The SSTC is a multi-sector cooperation framework among states that includes governmental actors, international organizations, and civil society, with the goal of pursuing sustainable development. This research employs Green theory and SSTC norms through a qualitative descriptive analysis and data gathering methods based on a literature review. The study indicates that the CASE Project, through collaborative initiatives involving grassroots movements, can evantually support the Indonesian government in attaining renewable energy transition and national NDC targets.

PERDAGANGAN SATWA LIAR ASIA TENGGARA DALAM RANTAI NILAI INDUSTRI OBAT TRADISIONAL TIONGKOK

Sri Reski Amalia — 2024-08-08

This paper aims to explain the relationship between wildlife trade in Southeast Asia and the production of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The conceptual framework includes value chain trade, economic asymmetry, and laundering. The research method is qualitative through a literature review of scientific sources, including books, journals, and online articles. The results show that the Golden Triangle in Laos is the main gateway for illegal wildlife trade to China, managed by Kings Romans International Ltd. The Illegal business operates under a legally registered casino business to avoid international and national pressures. Subsequently, animals smuggled to China are processed into TCM and distributed to domestic and overseas markets. To legitimize the illegal components of TCM, pharmaceutical companies exploit national and international legal loopholes that are insufficient in addressing the trade of rare wildlife and derivatives.

DIGITAL DIPLOMACY OF INDONESIA IN REALIZING ITS VISION AS THE ASEAN DIGITAL ECONOMY HUB

Rizal Budi Santoso — 2024-08-08

This research analyzes Indonesia's digital diplomacy to realize Indonesia's vision of strengthening its position as the center of ASEAN's digital economy and encouraging inclusive and sustainable economic growth in the region. Qualitative methods were used in this research by collecting data through a literature study which was then validated using data triangulation techniques. This research shows that developing digital diplomacy is essential in strengthening Indonesia's position as a digital economy leader in the ASEAN region, including building a solid digital infrastructure, increasing access and digital inclusion, and promoting regional collaboration through the ASEAN Smart Cities Network (ASCN). In achieving this goal, Indonesia can encourage digital inclusion, expand its market, and formulate regulations and policies that support the growth of the digital economy and startups.

INDONESIA-NORWAY COOPERATION: EFFICACY IN REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION AND DEGRADATION (2010-2022)

Chairul Bongso — 2024-08-10

This research aims to measure the effectiveness of the REDD+ program implementation. The methodology is descriptive with a qualitative approach, using Arild Underdal's regime effectiveness theory, which assesses the functions and problem-solving capabilities of a regime. The research shows that REDD+ is the first international program to help developing countries reduce forest emissions, making tropical forest protection a new focus in climate disaster mitigation. Forests contribute 25 percent of global emissions, worsening the current climate state. In Indonesia, REDD+ has been running for over a decade in collaboration with Norway but is not running smoothly. The program is sluggish and opaque. Different sentiments, understandings, and internal political conflicts in Indonesia add to the complexity of REDD+ implementation. Norwegian funding, meant to raise awareness of forest protection, went awry and created a new incentive-based logic for forest conservation.

DEGRADASI LINGKUNGAN DAN PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN: EFEKTIVITAS KERJA SAMA UNEP DAN ASEAN DALAM MENGATASI PERMASALAHAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP DI ASIA TENGGARA

Bagaskara Sagita Wijaya — 2024-08-10

Environmental problems, classified as non-traditional security issues, have become essential problems for countries and regions worldwide. Environmental degradation, such as Haze Pollution, and conservation efforts through sustainable development are the focus of global environmental problems because they cross national borders and require international cooperation. One of region with environmental issues that starting to cooperate to tackle environmental problems are ASEAN. This article shows that cooperation between UNEP (United Nations Environment Program) and ASEAN countries is the key to facing cross-border environmental challenges, increasing public awareness, building capacity, and formulating effective environmental policies. The research method used is qualitative, with a literature and phenomenology approach, using basic arguments from Green Theory to analyze the problem. The research results state that this cooperation protects the natural environment, encourages sustainable development, and contributes to the global agenda for environmental conservation. Environmental cooperation based on an eco-centrism view will have a massive impact on maintaining ecological sustainability. To create Sustainable Development in the Green Environment aspect by making various simple efforts to bring significant changes to the world, especially the ASEAN community

MULTILEVEL HEDGING FOR MIDDLE-REGIONAL POWER: INDONESIA ASCENT TOWARD POWERHOOD THROUGH HEDGING

Hemalia Kusumadewi — 2024-08-10

The aim of this research is to understand how a middle-regional power, such as Indonesia, uses hedging to serve its interests and to address the lack of literature on Indonesian power and hedging. This research applies the concepts of â€˜multilevel hedgingâ€™ and â€˜hedging behaviorâ€™, along with a literature review method, to comprehend Indonesia's status and its hedging strategy and motives. The findings of this research indicate that hedging is not only employed for insurance and risk mitigation, but also as a means to build power. It was observed that for Indonesia, hedging is a tool to both enhance and maintain power, aligning with one of the primary objectives of Indonesian foreign policy.

ASEAN'S PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE AGAINST HYBRID THREAT IN CYBERSPACE

Yosua Saut Marulitua Gultom — 2024-08-12

This research examines ASEAN's readiness and response to threats in cyberspace. ASEAN is a region with growing internet users and a thriving economy. Unfortunately, ASEAN's cyber defense is considered low. This research uses the concept of hybrid threats by Hoffman which states that future conflicts/war create hybrid strategies, where conventional and non-conventional means are brought together to see the vulnerability. Using a descriptive study using primary and secondary data in the form of official documents, journal articles, news, and internet sources. This article found that China's rise in the cyber field, as well as the attack activities it has carried out both directly and indirectly, provide a strong threat perception for the ASEAN region. For this reason, this article concludes that ASEAN must intensify collaboration within the region and with global partners while also establishing a comprehensive cyber defense strategy, including a potential for a cyber army across the region.

KENDALA AMERIKA SERIKAT DALAM MEREGULASI PERUSAHAAN MEDIA SOSIAL META PLATFORMS

Ivan Borneva — 2024-08-12

This research aims to analyze and understand what the obstacles for the United States are in regulating Meta Platforms (previously Facebook, inc.) which is the parent company of social media such as Facebook and Instagram. However, the various scandals that befell them further reduced US confidence regarding Meta's ability to carry out self-regulation. This research uses qualitative methods by collecting data through literature study and refers to two important elements of effective regulation proposed by Sheetal Radia. It was found that from the two senate sessions held, US senators, who on average became adults in an era without social media, still have a poor understanding of Meta's business model and how social media works. Also, the Federal Trade Commission, which is the main agency in dealing with data and privacy issues in the US, still has various limitations that make them less effective in reining Meta

UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME (UNODC) MELALUI PROGRAM GLO. ACT ASIA DAN TIMUR TENGAH DALAM MENGATASI PERDAGANGAN MANUSIA DAN PENYELUNDUPAN MIGRAN

Feby Anggrela — 2024-08-13

This study aims to analyze the eradication of human trafficking and migrant smuggling cases by UNODC through the GLO.ACT Asia and Middle East program in Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran, and Pakistan. This study was formulated by looking at the facts of program implementation in each country and then analyzed using the concepts of International Organizations, Trafficking in Persons, and Smuggling of Migrants with qualitative methods through interviews and literature studies. This study found that the GLO.ACT program has attempted to develop strategies and policies, legislative assistance, capacity building, regional and transregional cooperation, and protection and assistance to victims of these cases in the four countries. However, the GLO.ACT program intervention in target countries has different progress and challenges depending on the cooperation of each government and the ability of UNODC and its partners in managing the program

UNVEILING IRANâ€™S DETERRENCE BY DENIAL STRATEGY IN RETALIATORY STRIKE AGAINST ISRAEL

Muhammad Alfian Maulana — 2024-08-12

against Israel in March 2024. Grounded in the â€˜Deterrence by Denialâ€™ theoretical framework, the research explores Iranâ€™s strategic objectives and the key characteristics of this strategy, including the use of diverse military capabilities, the real-time nature of its threat actions, and the competitive dynamics of the deterrence process. Employing a qualitative approach that relies on a comprehensive analysis of primary and secondary sources, the study reveals that Iranâ€™s primary aim was to persuade Israel that any prospective attack would be both costly and ultimately unsuccessful. The research findings highlight strategic implications and recommendations related to understanding regional conflict dynamics, adapting defence strategies, and the potential for escalation in the Middle East

GEOPOLITICS OF MEDITERRANEAN REGION

Javed Zafar — 2024-08-13

The present paper will discuss the contemporary geopolitical setting of the Mediterranean region. This paper will examine how different powers, including Europe and Asia, are struggling to influence the Mediterranean strategic space. The paper will also discuss how the region is emerging as an alternative to Russian energy for Europe. Turkey is an important stakeholder and player in the Mediterranean region. Turkey has multiple interests, including cultural, economic, and strategic; therefore, the country is serious about its engagements in the region. The paper also focusses on how Turkey has been managing its interests in the region. The paper is based on descriptive and analytical research methods. The historically Mediterranean region always plays an important role in global geopolitics. The region is important for NATO. In the post-Cold War era, new coalitions were made in the region. Ukraine's war makes the region more important. Turkey is restructuring its strategy in the region

SINGAPORE-AUSTRALIA DIGITAL ECONOMY AGREEMENT (SADEA) SEBAGAI INSTRUMEN PENINGKATAN KERJA SAMA EKONOMI DIGITAL SINGAPURA DAN AUSTRALIA TAHUN 2020

Usi Alfiani Nur — 2024-08-15

Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis alasan Australia menyepakati Singapore-Australia Digital Economy Agreement (SADEA) pada tahun 2020. Dengan menggunakan perspektif teori liberalisme, penelitian ini mengkaji faktor-faktor yang mendorong Australia untuk meningkatkan kerja sama ekonomi digital dengan Singapura. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif melalui analisis mendalam terhadap studi pustaka yang relevan. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Australia dan Singapura memiliki pertumbuhan ekonomi digital yang signifikan, didorong oleh berbagai sektor seperti e-commerce, fintech, dan layanan digital. SADEA merupakan langkah strategis untuk memperdalam kerja sama digital kedua negara, memperkuat integrasi ekonomi, serta meningkatkan daya saing di tingkat regional dan global. SADEA dapat menjadi instrumen penting bagi Australia dan Singapura dalam mengembangkan kerja sama ekonomi digital yang saling menguntungkan.