SOLDIERS AND DIPLOMATS: INDONESIAN NAVAL DIPLOMACY IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA
Keywords:
Naval diplomacy, Indonesia, South China Sea, China, Indonesian Navy
Abstract
Abstract
This paper seeks to understand why the Indonesian Navy is utilized as an instrument of diplomacy rather than as war fighters in the South China Sea. The disputes create a threat to Indonesia’s sovereignty and territorial integrity. Historically Indonesia has responded with the use of force in similar situations, however, this is not the case in the South China Sea Disputes. The qualitative method is used in this research in understanding and analyzing the data which is gathered from secondary sources. The theoretical framework used for this research is the national attribute and international system levels of analysis which posits that domestic and international conditions create constraints that affect foreign policy. The research finds that there are several conditions that constrain Indonesia’s response options in the South China Sea disputes and concludes that these constrains cause Indonesia to utilize her navy for diplomacy rather than battle.
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References
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Arif, M. & Kurniawan, Y. (2016). Strategic culture and Indonesian maritime security. Asia & The Pacific Policy Studies, 5 (1), 77-89.
Booth, K. (2014). Navies and Foreign Policy. London: Routledge.
Breuning, M. (2007). Foreign Policy Analysis: A Comparative Introduction. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
Cable, J. (2016). Gunboat Diplomacy, 1919-79: Political Applications of Limited Naval Force. New York: Springer Publishing.
Capie, D. (2020). The power of partnerships: US defence ties with Indonesia, Singapore and Vietnam. International Politics, 57 (1), 242-258.
CSIS. (2018). A blueprint for cooperation on oil and gas production in the South China Sea. Retrieved from: https://amti.csis.org/a-blueprint-for-cooperation-on-oil-and-gas-production-in-the-south-china-sea/.
Dipua, A. et al. (2021). Sea defense strategy: the Indonesian Navy in Dealing with the South China Sea conflict. Italienisch, 11 (2), 120-126.
Dutton, P. (2011). Three disputes and three objectives: China and the South China Sea. Naval War College Review, 64 (4), 42-67.
East, M. A. (1973). Size and foreign policy behavior: a test of two models. World Politics, 25 (4), 556-576.
Galtung, J. (1969). Violence, peace, and peace research. Journal of Peace Research, 6 (3), 167-191.
Gindarsih, I. (2015a). Indonesia’s defence diplomacy: harnessing the the hedging strategy against regional uncertainties. RSIS Working Paper, No. 293.
Gindarsih, I. (2015b). “Indonesia and the South China Sea: a two-fold strategy”, RSIS Commentary, No. 158.
Hayton, B. (2014). The South China Sea: The Struggle for Power in Asia. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Henrikson, A. K. (2002). Distance and foreign policy: A political geography approach. International Political Science Review, 23 (4), 437-466.
Hermann, M. G. & Hagan, J. D. (1998). International decision making: leadership matters. Foreign Policy, 110 (Special edition), 124-137.
Inkiriwang, F. W. (2020). ‘Garuda Shield’ vs ‘Sharp Knife’: Operationalising Indonesia’s defence diplomacy. The Pacific Review, 34 (6), 871-900.
International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2015). The Military Balance: Annual Assessment of Global Military Capabilities and Defence Economics 2015. Washington: International Institute for Strategic Studies.
International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2016). The Military Balance: Annual Assessment of Global Military Capabilities and Defence Economics 2016. Washington: International Institute for Strategic Studies.
International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2017). The Military Balance: Annual Assessment of Global Military Capabilities and Defence Economics 2017. Washington: International Institute for Strategic Studies.
International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2018). The Military Balance: Annual Assessment of Global Military Capabilities and Defence Economics 2018. Washington: International Institute for Strategic Studies.
International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2019). The Military Balance: Annual Assessment of Global Military Capabilities and Defence Economics 2019. Washington: International Institute for Strategic Studies.
International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2020). The Military Balance: Annual Assessment of Global Military Capabilities and Defence Economics 2020. Washington: International Institute for Strategic Studies.
Komisi I Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia. (2020, January 20). Hindari konflik Natuna, pemerintah diminta perkuat langkah diplomasi. Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia. Retrieved from: https://www.dpr.go.id/berita/detail/id/27265/t/Hindari+Konflik+Natuna%2C+Pemerintah+Diminta+Perkuat+Langkah+Diplomasi
Laksmana, E. A. (2011). The enduring strategic trinity: explaining Indonesia’s geopolitical architecture. Journal of the Indian Ocean Region, 7 (1), 95-116.
Laksmana, E. A. (2012). Regional order by other means? Examining the rise of defense diplomacy in Southeast Asia. Asian Security, 8 (3), 251-270.
Lebovic, J. H. (1985). Capabilities in context: National attributes and foreign policy in the Middle East. Journal of Peace Research, 22 (1), 37-67.
Le Miere, C. (2014). Maritime Diplomacy in the 21st Century: Drivers and Challenges. London: Routledge.
Li, L. (2018). China’s Policy Towards the South China Sea: When Geopolitics Meets the Law of the Sea. London: Routledge.
Lubis, R. R. (2018). Sekuritisasi isu keamanan maritim dalam mendukung diplomasi pertahanan Indonesia di ADMM Plus on Maritime Security. Jurnal Pertahanan & Bela Negara, 8 (1), 27-43.
Markas Besar TNI AL. (2019). Peranan TNI AL dalam menjaga kedaulatan negara & melindungi kekayaan ekonomi negara di ZEEI. Mabes TNI AL. Retrieved from: https://kkp.go.id/an-component/media/upload-gambar-pendukung/kkp/DATA%20KKP/2019/Materi%20Rakornas%20Satgas%20115/Keynote%20Speech%20Rakornas%20Satgas%20115-Kasal.pdf
Morris, L. J. & Paoli, G. P. (2018). A Preliminary Assessment of Indonesia’s Maritime Security Threats and Capabilities. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation.
Octavian, A. (2019). Indonesian Navy, Global Maritime Fulcrum, and ASEAN. Jakarta: SESKOAL Press.
Rezasyah, T. (2022). The practices of Indonesian preventive diplomacy on the South China Sea Dispute: balancing nonalignment and national resilience, 2009-2019. In Y. Guo & J. Miao (Ed.), Preventive Diplomacy, Peacebuilding, and Security in the Asia-Pacific: Evolving Norms, Agenda, and Practices (pp. 179-194). Singapura: World Scientific Publishing.
Rowlands, K. (2018). Naval Diplomacy in the 21st Century: A Model for the Post-Cold War Global Order. London: Routledge.
Samuels, M. S. (2013). Contest for the South China Sea. London: Routledge.
Santoso, T. I. (2020). Aksi agresivitas Cina pada Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif Indonesia Laut Cina selatan: Perspektif Tugas Pokok TNI. Jurnal Kajian Lemhannas RI, 41 (1), 35-46.
Saputro, F. A. & Nashrullah, N. (2021, December 9). Dukung KSAL soal Natuna, DPD: Kedaulatan negara di atas segalanya. Republika News. Retrieved from: https://www.republika.co.id/berita/r3umd9320/dukung-ksal-soal-natuna-dpd-kedaulatan-negara-di-atas-segalanya
Scott, D. (2019). Indonesia grapples with the Indo-Pacific: Outreach, strategic discourse, and diplomacy. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 38 (2), 194-217.
Sulaiman, Y. (2019). What threat? leadership, strategic culture, and Indonesian foreign policy in the South China Sea. Asian Politics and Policy, 11 (4), 606-622.
Sumarwoto. (2021, September 21). Anggota DPR: Indonesia harus lebih keras pertahankan ZEE di Natuna. Antara News. Retrieved from: https://www.antaranews.com/berita/2406257/anggota-dpr-indonesia-harus-lebih-keras-pertahankan-zee-di-natuna
United States Naval Institute. (2021, November 3). China has world’s largest navy with 355 ships and counting, says Pentagon. Foreign Forces. Retrieved from: https://news.usni.org/2021/11/03/china-has-worlds-largest-navy-with-355-ships-and-counting-says-pentagon
Published
2023-02-27
How to Cite
Samy, M. (2023). SOLDIERS AND DIPLOMATS: INDONESIAN NAVAL DIPLOMACY IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA. Indonesian Journal of International Relations, 7(1), 119-139. https://doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v7i1.446
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2023 Indonesian Journal of International Relations
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