ANALISIS MOTIF PROYEK PEMBANGUNAN REL KERETA API KUNMING-SINGAPURA (2015-2017)
Keywords:
BRI; PRC; Kunming; Singapore; railway., BRI; RRC; Kunming; Singapura; rel kereta api.
Abstract
ABSTRACT
China is popularizing the Belt Road Initiative or abbreviated as BRI, which is an ambitious development plan involving many regions throughout the world. One of BRI's projects is the construction of the Kunming-Singapore railroad track. BRI's motives are still confusing between the economy and geopolitics. Not to mention, there is a paradox in China's leadership statement regarding BRI as a political or economic foreign policy tool. As a result, the railroad project also has a mixed motive. This research attempts to uncover the motive of Kunming-Singapore Railroad construction project. This study tries to analyze this phenomenon with three concepts, offensive realism, commercial liberalism, and Giovanni Arrighi's capitalism mode. The results of this study show that the railroad project has economic and geopolitical factors behind it. Economic and geopolitical factors are both dominating and complementing China's decision to invest in this project due to changes in the structure of the domestic and international economy and to maximize wealth in order to become a Great Power.
Keywords:
ABSTRAK
Tiongkok sedang mempopulerkan Belt Road Initiative atau disingkat BRI, yang merupakan sebuah rencana pembangunan ambisius yang melibatkan banyak kawasan di seluruh dunia. Salah satu proyek BRI adalah pembangunan jalur rel kereta api Kunming-Singapura. Motif BRI saat ini masih simpang siur, antara ekonomi dan geopolitik. Belum lagi, ada paradoks dalam pernyataan kepemimpinan Tiongkok terkait BRI sebagai alat politik atau ekonomi. Walhasil, proyek jalur rel kereta api ini juga memiliki motif yang simpang siur. Penelitian ini mencoba untuk mengungkap proyek pembangunan Jalur Rel Kereta Api Kunming-Singapura. Penelitian ini mencoba menganalisis fenomena ini dengan tiga konsep, offensive realism, commercial liberalism, dan mode kapitalisme Giovanni Arrighi, Hasil dari penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa proyek jalur kereta api ini memiliki faktor ekonomi dan geopolitik yang melatarbelakanginya. Faktor ekonomi maupun geopolitik sama-sama mendominasi dan saling melengkapi keputusan Tiongkok untuk berinvestasi dalam proyek ini disebabkan karena perubahan struktur ekonomi domestik dan internasional serta berupaya untuk memaksimalkan kekayaan agar dapat menjadi Great Power.
Kata kunci: BRI; RRC; Kunming; Singapura; rel kereta api.
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References
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
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1. Buku
Arrighi, G. (2010) The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Times. London & New York: Verso.
Keersmaker, G.D.(2017). Polarity, Balance of Power and International Relations Theory: Post-Cold War and the 19th Century Compared. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Mearsheimer, J. J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: W.W Norton Company.
Creswell, J.W. (2013). Research Design: Pendekatan Kualitatif, Kuantitatif, dan Mixed. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2013.
2. Jurnal
Blanchard, J.M. F. dan Colin F. (2017). “The Geopolitics of China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative.” Geopolitics, 22:2, 223-245.
Callahan, W. A. (2016). “China’s Asian Dream: The Belt and Road Initiative and the New Regional Order”, Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, 1-18.
Chan, I. (2017). “Current Trends in Southeast Asian Responses to the Belt and Road Initiative” dalam Bateman, Sam Gamage, Rajni dan Chan, Jance. “ASEAN and the Indian Ocean: The Key Maritime Links.” RSIS Monograph, 33, 1-115.
Kupchan, C. A. (2012). “The Decline of the West: Why America Must Prepare for the End of Dominance” Tersedia https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/03/the-decline-of-the-west-why-america-must-prepare-for-the-end-of-dominance/254779/
Djankov, Simeon. “China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Motives, Scopes, and Challenges”. Peterson Institute of International Economics, PIE Briefing 16-2, (March 2016):
Fujimura, K. (2010). “The Increasing Presence of China in Laos Today: A Report on Fixed Point Observation of Local Newspapers from March 2007 to February 2009”. Ritsumekan Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies, 27, 65-83.
Haggai, K. (2016). “One Belt One Road Strategy in China and Economic Development in the Concerning Countries. World Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(1), 10-14.
Hodzi, O. dan Yu W. (2017). “The Great Rejuvenation? China’s Search for a New ‘Global Order’”, Institute for Security and Development Policy, 1-40.
Pheakdey, H. (2012). “Cambodia–China Relations: A Positive-Sum Game?”. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 31, (2), 57-85.
Hong Yu (2016). “Motivation behind China’s ‘One Belt, One Road’ Initiatives and Establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank”. Journal of Contemporary China 26, 353-368.
Huang Yiping (2016), “Understanding China's Belt & Road Initiative: Motivation, framework and assessment”. China Economic Review, 40, 314-321.
Jacobson, L. (2016). “Reflections From China on Xi Jinping’s “Asia for Asians” Asian Politics & Policy, 8 (1), 219-223.
Kurlantzcik, J. (2015). “The Pivot in Southeast Asia: Balancing Interests and Values”. Council of Foreign Relations, 1-26.
Magid, J. (2017). “The Marshall Plan. Advances in Historical Studies”. 1 (1), 1-7. Tersedia https://file.scirp.org/pdf/AHS_2012123111515620.pddf diakses pada tanggal 1 Agustus 2017 pukul 03.36 WIB.
Moravscik, A. (2017), “Taking Preference Seriously: A Liberal Theory of Internasional Politics.” International Organization, 51, 513-553.
Pham, J. P. (2008). “What Is in the National Interest? Hans Morgenthau’s Realist Vision and American Foreign Policy.” American Foreign Policy Interests, 30, (2008): 256-265.
Rachel, Chong Tjen-San, Chris L. (2017). “One Belt One Road Infrastructure Sector.” DBS Asian Insights SparX, DBS Research Group, 115-123.
Ramay, S. A (2016).“China Pakistan Economic Corridor: A Chinese Dream Being Materialized Through Pakistan.”, 1-8. Tersedia https://sdpi.org/publications/files/China-Pakistan-Economic-Corridor-(Shakeel-Ahmad-Ramay).pdf tanggal 29 Maret 2017 pukul 06.36 WIB
Renard, F. M. (2011). “China’s Trade and FDI in Africa”. African Development Bank Group”, Series N° 126.
Rolland, N. (2017). “China's “Belt and Road Initiative”: Underwhelming or Game-Changer?”, The Washington Quarterly, 40:1,127-142.
Scobell, A. & Alireza N. “China in the Middle East: The Wary Dragon.” RAND Corporation, 1-87.
Sidaway, J. D. & Woon, C. Y. (2017), “Chinese Narratives on “One Belt, One Road” in Geopolitical and Imperial Contexts”, The Professional Geographer, 591-503.
Yifu Lin, J. & Zhang, Fan (2016). “Sustaining growth of the People's Republic of China”, Asian Development Review, 1(32), 31-48.
Yong W. (2016). “Offensive for defensive: the belt and road initiative and China's new grand strategy”. The Pacific Review, 455-463.
3. Institusi
ASEAN (2010). Masterplan of ASEAN Economic Community. ASEAN Secretariat
ASEAN (2015). “Plan of Action to Implement the Joint Declaration on ASEAN-China Strategic Partnership for Peace and Prosperity”. Tersedia http://www.asean.org/storage/images/2015/November/27th-summit/ASEAN-China%20POA%20%202016-2020.pdf diakses pada tanggal 13 Oktober 2017 pukul 08.47 WIB.
Biliang H. (2015) . “Knowledge Work on Excess Capacity in the People's Republic of China”. Tersedia https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-document/161581/knowledge-work-excess-capacity-prc.pdf diakses pada tanggal 10 November 2017 pukul 07.00 WIB.
DBS. (2016). “Japan: rising direct investment in Southeast Asia”. DBS Group Research.
European Union Chamber of Commerce in China. (2016). “Overcapacity in China An Impediment to the Party’s Reform Agenda”, Tersedia https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5537b2fbe4b0e49a1e30c01c/t/56cc3017cf80a1fc057c84e4/1456222242257/Overcapacity_in_China_An_Impedim.pdf diakses pada tanggal 10 November 2017 pukul 07.14 WIB.
OECD. (2010). Southeast Asian Economic Outlook 2010. OECD Development Office.
The State Council of the People’s Republic of China. (2015). “Full text: Action plan on the Belt and Road Initiative”. Tersedia http://english.gov.cn/archive/publications/2015/03/30/content_281475080249035.htm diakses pada tanggal 12 Maret 2017 pukul 18.10 WIB.
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Borroz, N. dan Giovannini, G. (2015). “Twisted track for China's 'railway diplomacy”. Tersedia https://asia.nikkei.com/Viewpoints-archive/Perspectives/Twisted-track-for-China-s-railway-diplomacy?page=1 diakses pada tanggal 10 November 2016 pukul 06.29 WIB.
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Published
2020-08-30
How to Cite
Wirapratama, A. (2020). ANALISIS MOTIF PROYEK PEMBANGUNAN REL KERETA API KUNMING-SINGAPURA (2015-2017). Indonesian Journal of International Relations, 5(1), 15-40. https://doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v5i1.128
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2020 Indonesian Journal of International Relations
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
