POLITIK OFENSIF AMERIKA SERIKAT TERHADAP SIKAP DEFENSIF IRAN: DARI PERANG PROKSI HINGGA DOMINASI
Abstract
ABSTRACT
This article describes the conflict between the United States and Iran in the form of a proxy war taking place in Syria and Yemen. The conflict culminated in the attack from US against Iran on January 3, 2020 in Iraq. The proxy war that took place between US and Iran, the plan of the US when cornered by Iran, and Iran’s response to the actions of the US will be explain in this paper. This study uses Offense-Defense theory as a means of analyzing the two countries. The method used in this research is descriptive analytical. The research concludes that the US and Iran are involved in proxy wars in Syria and Yemen. In Syria, the US stands as a supporter of government groups. Meanwhile, Iran stands as a group supporting the government. In Yemen, the US stands as a supporter of the government. Meanwhile, Iran stands as a supporter of supporters. The series of proxy wars led to an escalation due to the conflict suffered by the US. The White House then killed Mayor General Qassem Soleimani, who is an influential general in Iran, for being the actor behind the failure of their plan. Iran then responded with attacks on US military bases in Iraq. The reply is also an important concern for the US to increase security in its region.
Keywords: conflict culminated; proxy war; offense-defense; Qassem Soleimani.
ABSTRAK
Artikel ini menjelaskan tentang konflik antara Amerika Serikat dan Iran dalam bentuk perang proksi yang terjadi di Suriah dan Yaman. Kulminasi konflik tersebut berupa serangan dari AS terhadap Iran pada tanggal 3 Januari 2020 di Irak. Perang proksi yang terjadi antara AS-Iran, rencana AS ketika tersudutkan oleh Iran, dan respons Iran terhadap tindakan AS akan dipaparkan dalam tulisan ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori ofensif-defensif sebagai sarana untuk menganalisis konflik kedua negara. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif analitis. Adapun hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa AS dan Iran terlibat perang proksi di Suriah dan Yaman. Di Suriah, AS berdiri sebagai pendukung kelompok oposisi pemerintah. Sedangkan Iran berdiri sebagai kelompok pendukung pemerintah. Di Yaman, AS berdiri sebagai pendukung pemerintah. Sedangkan Iran berdiri sebagai pendukung oposisi. Serangkaian perang proksi tersebut menimbulkan eskalasi konflik akibat kekalahan yang diderita oleh AS. Pihak Gedung Putih kemudian membunuh Mayor Jenderal Qassem Soleimani yang merupakan jenderal berpengaruh di Iran karena dianggap sebagai aktor di balik kegagalan rencana mereka. Iran kemudian merespons dengan serangan ke basis militer AS di Irak. Balasan tersebut sekaligus menjadi atensi penting bagi AS untuk meningkatkan keamanan di wilayahnya.
Kata kunci: kulminasi konflik; perang proksi; teori ofensif-defensif; Qassem Soleimani.
Downloads
References
Buku:
Abdurrahman, I., Hamzah, A., & Kazim, M. (2020). Jenderal Qasem Soleimani: Jalan Cinta Sang Penumpas ISIS. Tangerang Selatan: Imania.
ABM, M. A. (2013). Arab Spring: Badai Revolusi Timur Tengah yang Penuh Darah. Yogyakarta: IRCiSoD.
Dacrema, E., & Talbot, V. (2019). Rebuilding Syria: The Middle East’s Next Power Game? Syria in the New Middle East: The Fate of a War-Torn Country. Milan: Ledizioni Ledi Publishing.
Jacoby, T. A., & Sasley, B. E. (2002). Redeï¬ning security in the Middle East. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Mearsheimer, J. J., & Walt, S. M. (2010). Dahsyatnya Lobi Israel. (A. T. Widodo, Trans.) Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Moehnilabib, & dkk. (1997). Dasar-dasar Metodologi Penelitian. Malang: Lembaga Penelitian IKIP Malang.
Richards, A. M. (2015). Iran as a Strategic Threat to the U.S. in the Middle East and Its Impact on U.S. Policy in the Region. MSU Graduate Theses.
Artikel Jurnal:
Alghifari, F., & Letticia, R. N. (2016). Analisis Teori Offense-Defense terhadap Reformasi Kebijakan Pertahanan Jepang dalam Dinamika Keamanan di Asia Timur. Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional, 18(1), 18-33.
Cordesman, A. H. (2017). The War in Yemen: Hard Choices in a Hard War. Jurnal Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), 1-16.
Glaser, C. L., & Kauffman, C. (1998). What is the Offense-Defense Balance and Can We Measure It? Jurnal International Security, 22(4), 40-55.
Guzansky, Y. (2012). Yemen: Between Iran, al-Qaeda, and the West. Jurnal INSS Insight, 350(2), 1-3.
Hussain, N. (2015). US-Iran Relations: Issues, Challenges and Prospects. Policy Perspective, 12(2), 29-47.
Krieg, A., & Rickli, J.-M. (2018). Surrogate Warfare: The Art of War in the 21st Century? Defence Studies, 18(2), 113-130.
Marshall, A. (2016). From Civil War to Proxy War: Past History and Current Dilemmas. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 27(2), 183-195. doi:10.1080/09592318.2015.1129172
Mumford, A. (2013). Proxy Warfare and the Future of Conflict. The RUSI Journal, 158(2), 30-45.
Mustofa, A. Z. (2020). Iran Defensive Attitudes Towards United States’ Offensive Politic: Analysis of Iran’s Nuclear Development Programs. Journal of Islamic World and Politics, 4(1), 15-30.
Saab, B. Y. (2018). Iran’s Tactics and Capabilities: Beyond The Proxy Powder Keg: The Specter of War Between Saudi Arabia And Iran. Middle East Institute, 26-31.
Soufan, A. (2018). Qassem Soleimani and Iran’s Unique Regional Strategy. Jurnal Ctcsentinel, 11(10), 1-36.
Stromquist, E. (n.d.). Aftermath of Soleimani killing: what should the world expect? Castlereagh Associates, 1-3.
Towle, P. (1981). The Strategy of War by Proxy. The RUSI Journal, 126(1), 21-26. doi:10.1080/03071848108523403
Yadlin, A. (2019). The Rising Crisis between the United States and Iran. Institute for National Security Studies, 1-5.
Internet:
Aljazeera. (2020, January). Iran's Qassem Soleimani killed in US air raid at Baghdad airport. Retrieved April 22, 2020, from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/iraq-3-katyusha-rockets-fired-baghdad-airport-200102232817666.html
BBC. (2020). Pembunuhan jenderal Iran Qasem Soleimani adalah 'untuk menghentikan perang', kata Presiden AS Donald Trump. Retrieved April 22, 2020, from https://www.tempo.co/bbc/5365/pembunuhan-jenderal-iran-qasem-soleimani-adalah-untuk-menghentikan-perang-kata-presiden-as-donald-trump
Borger, J., & Chulov, M. (2020, January 3). US kills Iran general Qassem Soleimani in strike ordered by Trump. Retrieved April 22, 2020, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/03/baghdad-airport-iraq-attack-deaths-iran-us-tensions
Doucet, L. (2020). Qasem Soleimani: US kills top Iranian general in Baghdad air strike. Retrieved April 22, 2020, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50979463
Lamothe, D., & Loveluck, L. (2020, March 12). U.S. launches strikes in Iraq against Iranian-backed militias after attack that killed coalition troops. Retrieved Agustus 28, 2020, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2020/03/12/pentagon-awaiting-decision-trump-how-respond-deadly-rocket-attack-iraq/
Mohammad, A. (2020, July 7). U.S. Killing of Iran's Gen: Soleimani 'Was Unlawful,' U.N. Expert Says. Retrieved Agustus 28, 2020, from https://www.npr.org/2020/07/07/888179625/u-s-killing-of-irans-gen-soleimani-was-unlawful-u-n-expert-says
