SEKURITISASI ISU LINGKUNGAN DALAM HAMBATAN PERDAGANGAN SAWIT DI EUROPEAN GREEN DEAL
Keywords:
European Green Deal; Sawit; Sekuritisasi;, Proteksionisme; Minyak Nabati
Abstract
Tulisan ini akan menganalisis proses kemunculan inward-looking syndrome yang bertentangan dengan semangat globalisasi, dalam studi kasus proteksionisme perdagangan terhadap sawit yang dilakukan Uni Eropa lewat kebijakan European Green Deal. Kemunculan kebijakan ini menarik untuk didalami, karena bukan merupakan fenomena tunggal yang sedang terjadi dalam konteks global, yaitu kuatnya resistensi atas semangat perdagangan bebas yang dibawa globalisasi. Selain itu, terdapat perang wacana ketika proteksionisme dagang dijustifikasi dengan narasi bahwa komoditas sawit adalah sumber ancaman dari kerusakan lingkungan, terlepas dari efisiensi sawit dibanding minyak nabati lainnya dan komitmen keberlanjutan yang telah dilakukan Indonesia sebagai produsen sawit terbesar dunia bersama aktor negara produsen sawit lain. Menggunakan teori sekuritisasi, paper ini akan menjelaskan bagaimana sawit diposisikan sebagai existential threat bagi lingkungan hidup, sehingga terjadi upaya sekuritisasi (securitizing move) berupa narasi (speech act) yang mempersepsikan sawit secara negatif. Kebijakan European Green Deal yang berisi langkah-langkah proteksionisme terhadap sawit juga akan dijelaskan sebagai extraordinary measures yang disetujui oleh audiens, karena: 1) telah terbentuk narasi bahwa otoritas perlu melindungi masyarakat sebagai referent object dari ancaman lingkungan yang dinarasikan, 2) didukung kepentingan petani dan perusahaan multinasional di bidang agrikultur sebagai securitizing actor yang menghendaki proteksionisme karena selama ini minyak nabati yang diproduksinya berkompetisi langsung dengan sawit, dan 3) politisi di Komisi Eropa turut menjadi aktor sekuritisasi karena insentif elektoral yang mereka terima ketika mendukung industri dan opini yang populer di mata publik.
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References
Daftar Pustaka
Buku:
Badan Pusat Statistik. (Eds.). (2013). Sensus pertanian 2013. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
Balzacq, Thierry. (2010). Securitization Theory: How Security Problems Emerge and Dissolve. 1st ed. PRIO New Security Studies. Routledge
Buzan, Barry, et.al. (1988). Security: A New Framework for Analysis. New York : Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Daianu, Daniel. (2021). “Illiberal and “Inward-Looking” Drives: What Fuels Them?” in Cham (ed.), 2021. Comparative Economic Studies in Europe. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hoekstra, Arjen Y, et al. (2011). The water footprint assessment manual: Setting the global standard. London : Routledge.
Hough, Peter, Shahin Malik, Andrew Moran, dan Bruce Pilbeam. (2015). International Security Studies: Theory and Practice. Routledge.
Knudsen, Ann-Christina L. (2009). Farmers on welfare: the making of Europe's common agricultural policy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Peter Hough, et.al. (2015). International Security Studies: Theory and Practice London: Routledge.
Rootes, Christopher. (2003). “The Transformation of Environmental Activism: An Introduction.” Dalam Environmental Protest in Western Europe, disunting oleh Christopher Rootes, 1–19. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Skonieczny, Amy. (2017). Corporate lobbying in foreign policy. London: Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics.
Trombetta, Maria Julia. (2010). "Rethinking the securitization of the environment: Old beliefs, new insights." In Securitization theory, London: Routledge.
Wæver, Ole, Barry Buzan, Morten Kelstrup, dan Pierre Lemaitre. (1993). Identity, Migration and the New Security Agenda in Europe. London: Pinter Publishers.
Artikel Jurnal:
Bangun, Siti Zainurrahmi Br, and Taufik Hidayat. (2020). "THE EUROPEAN UNION TRADE PROTECTION ON INDONESIAN CRUDE PALM OIL (CPO) IMPORT." Paradigma POLISTAAT: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik 3, no. 1: 1-14.
Buzogány, A., & Ćetković, S. (2021). Fractionalized but ambitious? Voting on energy and climate policy in the European Parliament. Journal of European Public Policy, 1-19.
Floyd, Rita. (2016). “Extraordinary or ordinary emergency measures: what, and who, defines the ‘success’ of securitization?” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 29, no. 2.
Geissdoerfer, Martin, Paulo Savaget, Nancy M. P. Bocken, dan Erik Jan Hultink. (2017). “The Circular Economy – A New Sustainability Paradigm?” Journal of Cleaner Production 143
Gillham, Patrick F. (2008). “Participation in the Environmental Movement: Analysis of the European Union.” International Sociology 23, no. 1
Gunawan, I., Vanany, I., & Widodo, E. (2020). Typical traceability barriers in the Indonesian vegetable oil industry. British Food Journal.
Klüver, Heike. (2011). "The contextual nature of lobbying: Explaining lobbying success in the European Union", European Union Politics, 12.4 : 483-506.
Lee-Makiyama, H. (2021). The EU Green Deal and Its Industrial and Political Significance. ECIPE, European Centre for International Political Economy.
Mekonnen, Mesfin M., and Arjen Y. Hoekstra. (2011). "The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 15.5 : 1577-1600.
Nischwitz, Guido, Christian Diller and Benedict Kreutz. (2014). "Förderung von Regionalen Netzwerken: Messbare Effekte für die Regionalentwicklung?." Raumforschung und Raumordnung 72.5 : 415-426.
Quille, Gerrard. (2004). "The European Security Strategy: a framework for EU security interests?." International peacekeeping, 11.3 : 422-438.
Rowley-Conwy, Peter. (1995). "Making first farmers younger: the West European evidence." Current Anthropology, 36.2 : 346-353.
Scarlat, N., & Banja, M. (2013). Possible impact of 2020 bioenergy targets on European Union land use. A scenario-based assessment from national renewable energy action plans proposals. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 18, 595-606.
Solana, Javier. (2009). "Report on the Implementation of the European Security Strategy: Providing Security in a Changing World." Approved by the European Council held in Brussels on 11.
Suwarmo, W. (2019). Kebijakan Sawit Uni Eropa dan Tantangan bagi Diplomasi Ekonomi Indonesia. Jurnal Hubungan Internasional, 8(1), 23-34.
Weaver, Ole. (1993). “Securitization and Desecuritization.” Dalam On security, disunting oleh Ronnie D. Lipschutz, New directions in world politics:46–86. New York: Columbia University Press.
Wellmann, Zehra. (2016). “The Successful Securitisation of Climate Change in Germany: A Climate Change in Energy, Economy and Diplomacy.” University of Tübingen, Working Paper Series. https://www.academia.edu/25783198/Working_Paper_Series_Working_Paper_12_Ap ril_2016_The_successful_securitisation_of_climate_change_in_Germany_A_Climate _Change_in_Energy_Economy_and_Diplomacy.
Zagaris, Bruce, and Frederick T. Davis. (2019). "Int'l Tax Enforcement Cooperation." IELR 35 : 82.
Zwolski, Kamil, dan Christian Kaunert. (2011). “The EU and climate security: a case of successful norm entrepreneurship?” European Security 20, no. 1
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“Statement by Commissioner Gentiloni,” Text, European Commission. (2020). https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/STATEMENT_20_71.
European Comission Statistics. (2019). “Farmers in the EU - Statistics” [Online]. In https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Farmers_in_the_EU_-_statistics. [Accessed 19 August 2019].
European Commission. (2020). “Communication on The European Green Deal.” Text. Diakses 15 Juni 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/communication-european-green- deal_en.
European Commission. (2020). “EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030.” Text. Diakses 15 Juni 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/actions- being-taken-eu/eu-biodiversity-strategy-2030_en.
European Commission. (2020). “From Farm to Fork.” Text. Diakses 15 Juni 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/fs_19_6727.
European Commission. (2020). “Opening Statement Ursula von Der Leyen European Parliament.” Text. Diakses 17 Juni 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/speech_19_4230.
European Commission. (2020). “The European Green Deal.” Diakses 25 Mei 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/e%20n/ip_19_6691.
European Environment Agency. (2020). “Total Greenhouse Gas Emission Trends and Projections in Europe.” Indicator Assessment. Diakses 15 Juni 2020. https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/greenhouse-gas-emission-trends- 6/assessment-3.
European Union, Shared vision, common action: A stronger Europe. A global strategy for the European Union’s foreign and security policy. Brussels: European External Action Service, (2016). http://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/top_stories/pdf/eugs_review_web.pdf.
European Union. (2016). Shared vision, common action: A stronger Europe. A global strategy for the European Union’s foreign and security policy. Brussels: European External Action Service. http://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/top_stories/pdf/eugs_review_web.pdf.
European Union. (2020). Press corner. European Commission - European Commission. Retrieved December 26, 2021, from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_5916
Eurostat. (2019). “Energy, Transport, and Environment Statistics 2019 Edition.” Luxembourg: European Union. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products- statistical-books/-/KS-DK-19-001.
Gallo, M., & Marinelli, M. (2020). Sustainable mobility: A review of possible actions and policies. Sustainability, 12(18), 7499.
Kementerian Luar Negeri. (2019). “Peran Diplomasi dalam Mendukung Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan: Tinjauan terhadap Pengelolaan Industri Minyak Nabati” [Online]. https://kemlu.go.id/download/L3NpdGVzL3B1c2F0L0RvY3VtZW50cy9LYWppYW4lMjBCUFBLL1AzSyUyME9JLU1VTFRJTEFURVJBTC8wMl9QZXJhbl9EaXBsb21hc2lfZGFsYW1fTWVuZHVrdW5nX1R1anVhbl9QZW1iYW5ndW5hbl9CZXJrZWxhbmp1dGFuLnBkZg [Accessed 15 October 2021].
Siddi, M. (2020). The European Green Deal: Assessing its current state and future implementation.
Solana, Javier, dan European Commission. (2008). Climate Change and International Security: Paper from the High Representative and the European Commission to the European Council. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/reports/99387.pdf.
STATISTA, Sava, Alexandra Justina. (2021). “Romania: public opinion on the Green Deal proposed by the European Commission 2021” [Online]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1128594/romania-opinion-on-the-green-deal/ [Accessed 15 October 2021].
Steyn, G., Tyler, E., Roff, A., Renaud, C., & Mgoduso, L. (2021). The Just Transition Transaction: A Developing Country Coal Power Retirement Mechanism. Meridian Economics, Cape Town. Available online.
UN Secretary General. (2009). “Climate Change and Its Possible Security Implications: Report of the Secretary-General.” United Nations General Assembly, 11 September 2009. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/667264?ln=en.
Ursula von der Leyen , Ursula. (2019). “Political Guidelines for the Next European Commission 2019-2024 by Candidate for President of the European Commission Ursula Ursula von der Leyen .” European Commission, [Online]. https://ec.europa.eu/info/election-european- commission-2019-2024_en [Accessed 15 October 2021].
Ursula von der Leyen. (2019). “Political Guidelines for the Next European Commission 2019-2024 by Candidate for President of the European Commission Ursula von Der Leyen.” European Commission, 16 Juli 2019. https://ec.europa.eu/info/election-european- commission-2019-2024_en.
Dokumen Lainnya:
ATHALLAH, I. D. (2019). Diplomasi" Tim Negosiasi RI" Melawan Diskriminasi Kelapa Sawit di Uni Eropa (Undergraduate thesis, Universitas Gadjah Mada).
Farid Angkasa Mukti. (2020). Sekuritisasi Lingkungan Oleh Komisi Eropa Dan Gerakan Fridays For Future Dalam Pembentukan European Green Deal. Skripsi Sarjana. Yogyakarta: Departemen Ilmu Hubungan Internasional Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Syuhada, M. (2021). KEBIJAKAN EUROPEAN GREEN DEAL SEBAGAI UPAYA UNI EROPA DALAM MENCIPTAKAN KAWASAN BEBAS EMISI (Undergraduate thesis, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta).
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Buku:
Badan Pusat Statistik. (Eds.). (2013). Sensus pertanian 2013. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
Balzacq, Thierry. (2010). Securitization Theory: How Security Problems Emerge and Dissolve. 1st ed. PRIO New Security Studies. Routledge
Buzan, Barry, et.al. (1988). Security: A New Framework for Analysis. New York : Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Daianu, Daniel. (2021). “Illiberal and “Inward-Looking” Drives: What Fuels Them?” in Cham (ed.), 2021. Comparative Economic Studies in Europe. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hoekstra, Arjen Y, et al. (2011). The water footprint assessment manual: Setting the global standard. London : Routledge.
Hough, Peter, Shahin Malik, Andrew Moran, dan Bruce Pilbeam. (2015). International Security Studies: Theory and Practice. Routledge.
Knudsen, Ann-Christina L. (2009). Farmers on welfare: the making of Europe's common agricultural policy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Peter Hough, et.al. (2015). International Security Studies: Theory and Practice London: Routledge.
Rootes, Christopher. (2003). “The Transformation of Environmental Activism: An Introduction.” Dalam Environmental Protest in Western Europe, disunting oleh Christopher Rootes, 1–19. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Skonieczny, Amy. (2017). Corporate lobbying in foreign policy. London: Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics.
Trombetta, Maria Julia. (2010). "Rethinking the securitization of the environment: Old beliefs, new insights." In Securitization theory, London: Routledge.
Wæver, Ole, Barry Buzan, Morten Kelstrup, dan Pierre Lemaitre. (1993). Identity, Migration and the New Security Agenda in Europe. London: Pinter Publishers.
Artikel Jurnal:
Bangun, Siti Zainurrahmi Br, and Taufik Hidayat. (2020). "THE EUROPEAN UNION TRADE PROTECTION ON INDONESIAN CRUDE PALM OIL (CPO) IMPORT." Paradigma POLISTAAT: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik 3, no. 1: 1-14.
Buzogány, A., & Ćetković, S. (2021). Fractionalized but ambitious? Voting on energy and climate policy in the European Parliament. Journal of European Public Policy, 1-19.
Floyd, Rita. (2016). “Extraordinary or ordinary emergency measures: what, and who, defines the ‘success’ of securitization?” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 29, no. 2.
Geissdoerfer, Martin, Paulo Savaget, Nancy M. P. Bocken, dan Erik Jan Hultink. (2017). “The Circular Economy – A New Sustainability Paradigm?” Journal of Cleaner Production 143
Gillham, Patrick F. (2008). “Participation in the Environmental Movement: Analysis of the European Union.” International Sociology 23, no. 1
Gunawan, I., Vanany, I., & Widodo, E. (2020). Typical traceability barriers in the Indonesian vegetable oil industry. British Food Journal.
Klüver, Heike. (2011). "The contextual nature of lobbying: Explaining lobbying success in the European Union", European Union Politics, 12.4 : 483-506.
Lee-Makiyama, H. (2021). The EU Green Deal and Its Industrial and Political Significance. ECIPE, European Centre for International Political Economy.
Mekonnen, Mesfin M., and Arjen Y. Hoekstra. (2011). "The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 15.5 : 1577-1600.
Nischwitz, Guido, Christian Diller and Benedict Kreutz. (2014). "Förderung von Regionalen Netzwerken: Messbare Effekte für die Regionalentwicklung?." Raumforschung und Raumordnung 72.5 : 415-426.
Quille, Gerrard. (2004). "The European Security Strategy: a framework for EU security interests?." International peacekeeping, 11.3 : 422-438.
Rowley-Conwy, Peter. (1995). "Making first farmers younger: the West European evidence." Current Anthropology, 36.2 : 346-353.
Scarlat, N., & Banja, M. (2013). Possible impact of 2020 bioenergy targets on European Union land use. A scenario-based assessment from national renewable energy action plans proposals. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 18, 595-606.
Solana, Javier. (2009). "Report on the Implementation of the European Security Strategy: Providing Security in a Changing World." Approved by the European Council held in Brussels on 11.
Suwarmo, W. (2019). Kebijakan Sawit Uni Eropa dan Tantangan bagi Diplomasi Ekonomi Indonesia. Jurnal Hubungan Internasional, 8(1), 23-34.
Weaver, Ole. (1993). “Securitization and Desecuritization.” Dalam On security, disunting oleh Ronnie D. Lipschutz, New directions in world politics:46–86. New York: Columbia University Press.
Wellmann, Zehra. (2016). “The Successful Securitisation of Climate Change in Germany: A Climate Change in Energy, Economy and Diplomacy.” University of Tübingen, Working Paper Series. https://www.academia.edu/25783198/Working_Paper_Series_Working_Paper_12_Ap ril_2016_The_successful_securitisation_of_climate_change_in_Germany_A_Climate _Change_in_Energy_Economy_and_Diplomacy.
Zagaris, Bruce, and Frederick T. Davis. (2019). "Int'l Tax Enforcement Cooperation." IELR 35 : 82.
Zwolski, Kamil, dan Christian Kaunert. (2011). “The EU and climate security: a case of successful norm entrepreneurship?” European Security 20, no. 1
Dokumen Pemerintah:
“Statement by Commissioner Gentiloni,” Text, European Commission. (2020). https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/STATEMENT_20_71.
European Comission Statistics. (2019). “Farmers in the EU - Statistics” [Online]. In https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Farmers_in_the_EU_-_statistics. [Accessed 19 August 2019].
European Commission. (2020). “Communication on The European Green Deal.” Text. Diakses 15 Juni 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/communication-european-green- deal_en.
European Commission. (2020). “EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030.” Text. Diakses 15 Juni 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/actions- being-taken-eu/eu-biodiversity-strategy-2030_en.
European Commission. (2020). “From Farm to Fork.” Text. Diakses 15 Juni 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/fs_19_6727.
European Commission. (2020). “Opening Statement Ursula von Der Leyen European Parliament.” Text. Diakses 17 Juni 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/speech_19_4230.
European Commission. (2020). “The European Green Deal.” Diakses 25 Mei 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/e%20n/ip_19_6691.
European Environment Agency. (2020). “Total Greenhouse Gas Emission Trends and Projections in Europe.” Indicator Assessment. Diakses 15 Juni 2020. https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/greenhouse-gas-emission-trends- 6/assessment-3.
European Union, Shared vision, common action: A stronger Europe. A global strategy for the European Union’s foreign and security policy. Brussels: European External Action Service, (2016). http://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/top_stories/pdf/eugs_review_web.pdf.
European Union. (2016). Shared vision, common action: A stronger Europe. A global strategy for the European Union’s foreign and security policy. Brussels: European External Action Service. http://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/top_stories/pdf/eugs_review_web.pdf.
European Union. (2020). Press corner. European Commission - European Commission. Retrieved December 26, 2021, from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_5916
Eurostat. (2019). “Energy, Transport, and Environment Statistics 2019 Edition.” Luxembourg: European Union. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products- statistical-books/-/KS-DK-19-001.
Gallo, M., & Marinelli, M. (2020). Sustainable mobility: A review of possible actions and policies. Sustainability, 12(18), 7499.
Kementerian Luar Negeri. (2019). “Peran Diplomasi dalam Mendukung Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan: Tinjauan terhadap Pengelolaan Industri Minyak Nabati” [Online]. https://kemlu.go.id/download/L3NpdGVzL3B1c2F0L0RvY3VtZW50cy9LYWppYW4lMjBCUFBLL1AzSyUyME9JLU1VTFRJTEFURVJBTC8wMl9QZXJhbl9EaXBsb21hc2lfZGFsYW1fTWVuZHVrdW5nX1R1anVhbl9QZW1iYW5ndW5hbl9CZXJrZWxhbmp1dGFuLnBkZg [Accessed 15 October 2021].
Siddi, M. (2020). The European Green Deal: Assessing its current state and future implementation.
Solana, Javier, dan European Commission. (2008). Climate Change and International Security: Paper from the High Representative and the European Commission to the European Council. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/reports/99387.pdf.
STATISTA, Sava, Alexandra Justina. (2021). “Romania: public opinion on the Green Deal proposed by the European Commission 2021” [Online]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1128594/romania-opinion-on-the-green-deal/ [Accessed 15 October 2021].
Steyn, G., Tyler, E., Roff, A., Renaud, C., & Mgoduso, L. (2021). The Just Transition Transaction: A Developing Country Coal Power Retirement Mechanism. Meridian Economics, Cape Town. Available online.
UN Secretary General. (2009). “Climate Change and Its Possible Security Implications: Report of the Secretary-General.” United Nations General Assembly, 11 September 2009. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/667264?ln=en.
Ursula von der Leyen , Ursula. (2019). “Political Guidelines for the Next European Commission 2019-2024 by Candidate for President of the European Commission Ursula Ursula von der Leyen .” European Commission, [Online]. https://ec.europa.eu/info/election-european- commission-2019-2024_en [Accessed 15 October 2021].
Ursula von der Leyen. (2019). “Political Guidelines for the Next European Commission 2019-2024 by Candidate for President of the European Commission Ursula von Der Leyen.” European Commission, 16 Juli 2019. https://ec.europa.eu/info/election-european- commission-2019-2024_en.
Dokumen Lainnya:
ATHALLAH, I. D. (2019). Diplomasi" Tim Negosiasi RI" Melawan Diskriminasi Kelapa Sawit di Uni Eropa (Undergraduate thesis, Universitas Gadjah Mada).
Farid Angkasa Mukti. (2020). Sekuritisasi Lingkungan Oleh Komisi Eropa Dan Gerakan Fridays For Future Dalam Pembentukan European Green Deal. Skripsi Sarjana. Yogyakarta: Departemen Ilmu Hubungan Internasional Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Gadjah Mada.
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Published
2022-02-24
How to Cite
Athallah, I. D. (2022). SEKURITISASI ISU LINGKUNGAN DALAM HAMBATAN PERDAGANGAN SAWIT DI EUROPEAN GREEN DEAL. Indonesian Journal of International Relations, 6(1), 176-204. https://doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v6i1.300
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Articles
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