THE OPERATIONAL IMPACTS OF THE U.S. – INDONESIA STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP ON THE JOINT MILITARY EXERCISES GARUDA SHIELD
Keywords:
National Interest, Operational Impact, Strategic Partnership, Bilateral Military Exercises, Joint Military Exercises Garuda Shield, Indonesia - U.S.
Abstract
Indonesia's increasingly strategic condition in the region has made the U.S. interested in cooperation that can better accommodate the two countries' national interests. Both countries established a Strategic Partnership which one of the objectives stipulated in the defense cooperation implemented through bilateral military exercises. Of the many militaries’ cooperation, the two countries have carried out, the author takes the case study of the Joint Military Exercise Garuda Shield, which is increasingly transforming from a peace operation training activity into a form of a military operation that tends to increase operationally. Through qualitative method, the research data were obtained from informants that had been previously determined. The result shows that the national interest of both countries was influenced by domestic and international factors, resulting in a shared interest that was projected in the Indo – Pacific region. The Strategic Partnership acts as the medium for both states to reach these interests, one of which by conducting bilateral military exercises. The U.S. – China rivalry factor has also driven Indonesia and the U.S. to interact in defense cooperation closer.
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References
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Blank, J. (2021). Regional Responses to U.S. - China Competition in the Indo - Pacific: Indonesia. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation. https://doi.org/10.7249/RR4412
Camroux, D., & Jaffrelot, C. (2021, 4 8). The Concept of the Indo Pacific in the Geostrategic Discourse. Retrieved from SciencesPo: Center for International Studies: https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/en/content/lindo-pacifique-quels-contours-quels-enjeux-0
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2017). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. SAGE Publications, Inc.
Douglas, C. (2011, 6 12). U.S., Indonesia Partner for Exercise Garuda Shield 2011. Retrieved from US Army: https://www.army.mil/article/59478/us_indonesia_partner_for_exercise_garuda_shiel d_2011
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Harvey, A. S. (2021, 11-12). The Levels of War as Levels of Analysis. Retrieved from Army University Press: https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/English-Edition-Archives/November-December-2021/Harvey-Levels-of-War/
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Howel, M. (2018, 8 1). Ceremony Marks Opening of Garuda Shield 2018. Retrieved from U.S. Department of Defense: https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/1590490/ceremony-marks-opening-of-garuda-shield-2018/
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Kimmons, S. (2019, 6 7). Pacific Pathways 2.0 to bolster presence in the theater. Retrieved from U.S. Army: https://www.army.mil/article/222783/pacific_pathways_2_0_to_bolster_presence_in_the_theater#:~:text=About%20106%2C000%20Soldiers%20are%20assigned,200%20engagements%20with%2034%20countries.
Lombardo, C. (2013, 6 11). Joint US Army/Indonesia Exercise 'Garuda Shield' Begins. Retrieved from U.S. Army: https://www.army.mil/article/105265/joint_us_armyindonesia_exercise_garuda_shield_begins
Marshall, T. C. (2014, 10 15). Pacific Pathways Increases Readiness Through Partnership. Retrieved from U.S. Indo-Pacific Command: https://www.pacom.mil/Media/News/Article/564720/pacific-pathways-increases-readiness-through-partnership/
Montolalu, R. R., & Perwita, A. A. (2019). Philippine–us Defense Cooperation: The Implementation Of “the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement†To Respond China’s Assertiveness In The South China Sea (2010–2016). Jurnal Asia Pacific Studies, 43 – 60. https://doi.org/10.33541/japs.v3i1.1032
Morissan, A. M. (2008). Menejemen Media Penyiaran. Jakarta: Prenada Media Group.
Muthanna, K. (2011). Military Diplomacy. Journal of Defence Studies
O'Donnell, D. (2021, 8 24). The Joint Pacific Multi Readiness Center deploys to Garuda Shield 2021 in Partnership with the Indonesian Armed Forces. Retrieved from U.S. Army: https://www.army.mil/article/249689/the_joint_pacific_multi_readiness_center_deploys_to_garuda_shield_2021_in_partnership_with_the_indonesian_armed_forces
ODonnell, D. (2021, 8 6). Exercise Garuda Shield 2021 to build on enduring partnership with Indonesian National Army. Retrieved from U.S. Army: https://www.army.mil/article/249135/exercise_garuda_shield_2021_to_build_on_enduring_partnership_with_indonesian_national_army
Presidential Regulation. (2021). Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 8 Tahun 2021 tentang Kebijakan Umum Pertahanan Negara tahun 2020 - 2024. Retrieved from Kementerian Pertahanan Republik Indonesia: https://www.kemhan.go.id/strahan/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/JAKUMHANNEG-2020-2024.pdf
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Puspen TNI. (2008, April 1). Pangdam Jaya Buka Latma Garuda Shield 2A/08. Retrieved from PUSPEN Markas Besar Tentara Nasional Indonesia: https://tni.mil.id/view-9270-pangdam-jaya-buka-latma-garuda-shield-2a08.html
Puspen TNI. (2009, 6 15). ASOPS Panglima TNI Tinjau Kesiapan "Garuda Shield 09". Retrieved from PUSPEN Markas Besar Tentara Nasional Indonesia: https://tni.mil.id/view-14222-asops-panglima-tni-tinjau-kesiapan-garuda-shield-09.html
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Sambaouw, S. T. (2023, 1 20). "The Operational Impacts of the U.S. – Indonesia Strategic Partnership on the Bilateral Military Exercises. Case Study: Joint Military Exercises Garuda Shield 2016 - 2022". (R. R. Montolalu, Interviewer)
Simpkin, R. E. (1987). Deep battle: The brainchild of Marshal Tuchachevskii. London: Brassey's Defence Publishers.
South, T. (2018, 10 9). Pacific Pathways: Army rotations will go to fewer places but stay longer. Retrieved from Army Times: https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2018/10/08/pacific-pathways-army-rotations-will-go-to-fewer-places-but-stay-longer/
South, T. (2019, 3 21). Thousands more soldiers will deploy to Pacific to increase Army footprint. Retrieved from U.S. Indo - Pacific Command: https://www.pacom.mil/Media/News/News-Article-View/Article/1792238/thousands-more-soldiers-will-deploy-to-pacific-to-increase-army-footprint/
The White House. (2015, October 26). Joint Statement by the United States of America and the Republic of Indonesia. Retrieved from The White House: Office of the Press Secretary: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/10/26/joint-statement-united-states-america-and-republic-indonesia
U.S. White House, 2012, p.3 on Newsome & Jarmon. (2016). A Practical Introduction to Homeland Security and Emergency Management: From Home to Abroad. California: SAGE Publications, Inc.
The White House. (2022, 2). Indo - Pacific Strategy of the United - States. Retrieved from The White House: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf
U.S. Army Pacific. (2017, 9 18). Exercise Garuda Shield. Retrieved from U.S. Army: https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2017/09/18/
U.S. Department of Defense. (2018). Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of The United States of America: Sharpening the American Military’s Competitive Edge. Retrieved from U.S. Department of Defense: https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-National-Defense-Strategy-Summary.pdf
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Weatherbee, D. E. (2007). Southeast Asia: Political Change in Southeast Asia: Challenges for U.S Strategy. In A. J. Tellis, & M. Wills, Domestic Political Change and Grand Strategy Strategic Asia ; 2007-08 (pp. 235 - 265). Washington D.C.: The National Bureau of Asian Research
Wenas Inkiriwang, F. (2021). 'Garuda Shield' vs 'Sharp Knife': Operationalising Indonesia’s Defence Diplomacy. The Pacific Review. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2020.1772352
Yoga, I. (2022, 3 24). AS-Indonesia Siap Integrasikan Latihan Militer Bersama, Terutama di Laut China Selatan. Retrieved from VoA Indonesia: https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/as-indonesia-siap-integrasikan-latihan-militer-bersama-terutama-di-laut-cina-selatan/6497925.html
Published
2023-07-28
How to Cite
Montolalu, R. R. K., Perwita, A. A. B., & Sudibyo. (2023). THE OPERATIONAL IMPACTS OF THE U.S. – INDONESIA STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP ON THE JOINT MILITARY EXERCISES GARUDA SHIELD. Indonesian Journal of International Relations, 7(2), 212-240. https://doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v7i2.459
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Articles
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