PERDAGANGAN SATWA LIAR ASIA TENGGARA DALAM RANTAI NILAI INDUSTRI OBAT TRADISIONAL TIONGKOK
Keywords:
Golden Triangle, illegal trade, wildlife, Southeast Asia, traditional Chinese medicine
Abstract
This paper aims to explain the relationship between wildlife trade in Southeast Asia and the production of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The conceptual framework includes value chain trade, economic asymmetry, and laundering. The research method is qualitative through a literature review of scientific sources, including books, journals, and online articles. The results show that the Golden Triangle in Laos is the main gateway for illegal wildlife trade to China, managed by Kings Romans International Ltd. The Illegal business operates under a legally registered casino business to avoid international and national pressures. Subsequently, animals smuggled to China are processed into TCM and distributed to domestic and overseas markets. To legitimize the illegal components of TCM, pharmaceutical companies exploit national and international legal loopholes that are insufficient in addressing the trade of rare wildlife and derivatives.
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References
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Zhang, S. X., & Chin, K. L. (2008). Snakeheads, mules, and protective umbrellas: A review of current research on Chinese organized crime. Crime, Law and Social Change, 50(3), 177–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-008-9136-2
Zhu, A., & Zhu, G. (2020). Understanding China’s wildlife markets: Trade and tradition in an age of pandemic. In World Development (Vol. 136). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105108
Bennett, E. L. (2015). Another Inconvenient Truth: The Failure of Enforcement System to Save Charismatic Species. In Protecting the Wild: Parks and Wilderness, the Foundation for Conservation. Foundation for Deep Ecology.
Chi, M. (2021). Regulation of Special Economic Zones Through Regional Trade Agreements: Confronting the Synergy Issue. Journal of International Economic Law, 24(2), 423–442. https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgab016
Farhadinia, M. S., Maheshwari, A., Nawaz, M. A., Ambarlı, H., Gritsina, M. A., Koshkin, M. A., Rosen, T., Hinsley, A., & Macdonald, D. W. (2019). Belt and Road Initiative may create new supplies for illegal wildlife trade in large carnivores. In Nature Ecology and Evolution (Vol. 3, Issue 9, pp. 1267–1268). Nature Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0963-6
Fukushima, C. S., Tricorache, P., Toomes, A., Stringham, O. C., Rivera-Téllez, E., Ripple, W. J., Peters, G., Orenstein, R. I., Morcatty, T. Q., Longhorn, S. J., Lee, C., Kumschick, S., de Freitas, M. A., Duffy, R. V., Davies, A., Cheung, H., Cheyne, S. M., Bouhuys, J., Barreiros, J. P., … Cardoso, P. (2021). Challenges and perspectives on tackling illegal or unsustainable wildlife trade. In Biological Conservation (Vol. 263). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109342
Hinsley, A., Milner-Gulland, E. J., Cooney Rosie, Timoshyna, A., Ruan, X., & Lee, T. M. (2019). Building Sustainability into the belt and Road Initiative’s Traditional Chinese Medicine Trade. Nature Sustainability, 3, 96–100.
Horton, B. A. (2020). An Analysis of the Impacts of China’s Belt and Road Initiative on African Pangolin Conservation.
Huang, Q., Wang, F., Yang, H., Valitutto, M., & Songer, M. (2021). Will the COVID-19 outbreak be a turning point for China’s wildlife protection: New developments and challenges of wildlife conservation in China. Biological Conservation, 254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108937
Hughes, A. C., Lechner, A. M., Chitov, A., Horstmann, A., Hinsley, A., Tritto, A., Chariton, A., Li, B. V., Ganapin, D., Simonov, E., Morton, K., Toktomushev, K., Foggin, M., Tan-Mullins, M., Orr, M. C., Griffiths, R., Nash, R., Perkin, S., Glémet, R., … Yu, D. W. (2020). Horizon Scan of the Belt and Road Initiative. In Trends in Ecology and Evolution (Vol. 35, Issue 7, pp. 583–593). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2020.02.005
Jiao, Y., Yeophantong, P., & Lee, T. M. (2021). Strengthening International Legal Cooperation to Combat the Illegal Wildlife Trade Between Southeast Asia and China. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.645427
Krishnasamy, K., & Zavagli, M. (2020). Southeast Asia at the Heart of Wildlife Trade.
Lam, W. C., Lyu, A., & Bian, Z. (2019). ICD-11: Impact on Traditional Chinese Medicine and World Healthcare Systems. Pharmaceutical Medicine, 33(5), 373–377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40290-019-00295-y
Lin, A. X., Chan, G., Hu, Y., Ouyang, D., Ung, C. O. L., Shi, L., & Hu, H. (2018). Internationalization of traditional Chinese medicine: Current international market, internationalization challenges and prospective suggestions. In Chinese Medicine (United Kingdom) (Vol. 13, Issue 1). BioMed Central Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-018-0167-z
Nataraajan, A. S. (2020). Wildlife trafficking: Focusing on the entire supply chain. Psychology and Marketing, 37(12), 1677–1683. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21431
Nooren, H., & Gordon, C. (2001). Wildlife Trade in Laos: The End of the Game. Netherlands Committee for IUCN.
Pires, S. F., & Moreto, W. D. (2011). Preventing Wildlife Crimes: Solutions That Can Overcome the “Tragedy of the Commons.†In European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research (Vol. 17, Issue 2, pp. 101–123). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-011-9141-3
Qu, Q. (2018). A Study on the “Going out†Paths of Tourism Industry of TCM Health Preservation Culture Driven by One Belt, One Road. Advances in Social Scince, Education and Humanities Research, 250.
Tang, H., Huang, W., Ma, J., & Liu, L. (2018). SWOT analysis and revelation in traditional Chinese medicine internationalization. In Chinese Medicine (United Kingdom) (Vol. 13, Issue 1). BioMed Central Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-018-0165-1
Uhm, D. V. (2018). Wildlife and Laundering: Interaction between the Under and Upper World. In Green Crimes Dirty Money. Routledge.
Uhm, D. V. (2019). Chinese Wildlife Trafficking Networks along the Silk Road. In Organized Crime and Corruption Across Borders. Routledge.
Uhm, D. V. (2020). Wildlife Trafficking and Criminogenic Asymmetries in a GlobaliZed World. In Routledge International Handbook of Green Criminology. Routledge.
Uhm, D. V., & Wong, R. W. Y. (2021). Chinese organized crime and the illegal wildlife trade: diversification and outsourcing in the Golden Triangle. Trends in Organized Crime, 24(4), 486–505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-021-09408-z
Wang, Y., Turvey, S. T., & Leader-Williams, N. (2020). Knowledge and attitudes about the use of pangolin scale products in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) within China. People and Nature, 2(4), 903–912. https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.10150
White, A. (2021). How China’s Wildlife Trade Legislation Permits Commercial Trade in Protected Wild Animal Species. China Quarterly, 248(1), 1212–1225. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741021000485
Wittig, T. (2020). How will COVID-19 impact global wildlife trafficking? www.unitedforwildlife.org
Wong, R. W. Y. (2016). The Role of Reputation in the Illegal Purchase of Protected Wildlife in China. Deviant Behavior, 38(11), 1290–1302. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2016.1248716
Wong, R. W. Y. (2019). The Illegal Wildlife Trade in China: Understanding the Distribution Networks. Springer Nature Switzerland AG. http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14622
Wong, R. W. Y. (2021). Shadow operations in wildlife trade under China’s Belt and Road Initiative. China Information, 35(2), 201–218. https://doi.org/10.1177/0920203X20948680
Zhang, S. X., & Chin, K. L. (2008). Snakeheads, mules, and protective umbrellas: A review of current research on Chinese organized crime. Crime, Law and Social Change, 50(3), 177–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-008-9136-2
Zhu, A., & Zhu, G. (2020). Understanding China’s wildlife markets: Trade and tradition in an age of pandemic. In World Development (Vol. 136). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105108
Published
2024-08-08
How to Cite
Sri Reski Amalia. (2024). PERDAGANGAN SATWA LIAR ASIA TENGGARA DALAM RANTAI NILAI INDUSTRI OBAT TRADISIONAL TIONGKOK. Indonesian Journal of International Relations, 8(2), 313-332. https://doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v8i2.572
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Articles
Copyright (c) 2024 Indonesian Journal of International Relations
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
