INDONESIA-NORWAY COOPERATION: EFFICACY IN REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION AND DEGRADATION (2010-2022)
Keywords:
Indonesia, Norwegia, REDD , Rezim Iklim, Rezim Lingkungan
Abstract
This research aims to measure the effectiveness of the REDD+ program implementation. The methodology is descriptive with a qualitative approach, using Arild Underdal's regime effectiveness theory, which assesses the functions and problem-solving capabilities of a regime. The research shows that REDD+ is the first international program to help developing countries reduce forest emissions, making tropical forest protection a new focus in climate disaster mitigation. Forests contribute 25 percent of global emissions, worsening the current climate state. In Indonesia, REDD+ has been running for over a decade in collaboration with Norway but is not running smoothly. The program is sluggish and opaque. Different sentiments, understandings, and internal political conflicts in Indonesia add to the complexity of REDD+ implementation. Norwegian funding, meant to raise awareness of forest protection, went awry and created a new incentive-based logic for forest conservation.
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References
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Bumpus, A. G., & Liverman, D. M. (2011). Carbon colonialism? Offsets, Greenhouse Gas Reductions, and Sustainable Development. In A. G. Bumpus, & D. M. Liverman, Global Political Ecology (p. 203). New York: Routledge.
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Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. London: Sage Publications.
Dessai, S., & Nuno S. Lacasta, K. V. (2004). International Political History of the Kyoto Protocol: from The Hague to Marrakech and Beyond. Institute for Global Environmental Strategie, 184.
Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim. (2017). Knowledge Center Perubahan Iklim. Retrieved from Ditjenppi: http://ditjenppi.menlhk.go.id/kcpi/index.php/aksi/redd
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Forest Watch Indonesia. (2020, Juni 2). Menelisik Angka Deforestasi Pemerintah. Retrieved from FWI: https://fwi.or.id/menelisik-angka-deforestasi-pemerintah/
Fukuyama, F. (2018). Identity: the Demand for Dignity and the Politics Resentment. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Global Climate Fund . (2020, Mei 12). RBP Book. Retrieved from GCF Task Force: https://gcftf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/RBP_Booklet_20200512_ENG.pdf
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Horstmann, B., & Hein, J. (2017). Aligning climate change mitigation and sustainable development under the UNFCCC: a critical assessment of the Clean Development Mechanism, the Green Climate Fund and REDD+. Bonn: German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS).
Indonesia, S. T. (2012, September). Strategi nasional REDD+. Retrieved from Ditjen PPI Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan: https://ditjenppi.menlhk.go.id/reddplus/images/resources/redd/StrategiNasionalREDD_SatgasREDD_201209_in.pdf
Jakarta Globe. (2015, January 30). Jokowi folds emissions agency BP REDD+ into forestry ministry. Retrieved from Eco-Business: https://www.eco-business.com/news/jokowi-folds-emissions-agency-bp-redd-forestry-ministry/
Jong, H. N. (2015, January 29). BP REDD+ officially disbanded. Retrieved from The Jakarta Post: https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/01/29/bp-redd-officially-disbanded.html
Kartodiharjo, H. (2017). Analisis Kebijakan Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam: Diskursus, Politik, Aktor, & Jaringan. Bogor (ID): Sajogyo Institute.
Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan. (2019, Oktober 10). Pemerintah Luncurkan Badan Pengelola Dana Lingkungan Hidup. Retrieved from PPID KLHK: https://ppid.menlhk.go.id/siaran_pers/browse/2136
Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia. (2021, September 10). Indonesia akhiri Kerja Sama REDD+ dengan Norwegia. Retrieved from Kemlu: https://kemlu.go.id/portal/id/read/2912/berita/indonesia-akhiri-kerja-sama-redd-dengan-norwegia
Keohane, G. L. (2016, October 10). Capital and the Common Good: How Innovative Finance Is Tackling the World's Most Urgent Problems. New York: Columbia University Press. Retrieved from https://impactalpha.com/fighting-deforestation-and-climate-change-redd-financing-lessons-from-brazil-and-indonesia-excerpt/
Knowledge Center Perubahan Iklim. (2017). Kerjasama REDD+ Indonesia dan Norwegia. Retrieved from Ditjenppi: http://ditjenppi.menlhk.go.id/kcpi/index.php/hasil-kerjasama/254-kerjasama-redd-indonesia-norwegia
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Larson, A. M., Brockhaus, M., William, Sunderlin, Duchelle, A., Babon, A., . . . Huynh, T.-B. (2013). Land tenure and REDD+: The good, the bad and the ugly. Global Environmental Change, 680.
Lestari, N. (2019). Factors Causing Failure of the REDD+ Program Implementation in Central Kalimantan. Jurnal Menajemen Hutan Tropika, 31.
LTS International & Michelsen Institute. (2018). Third Independent Review of The Indonesia-Norway Cooperation on Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from REDD+. Edinburgh: LTS International Limited (UK).
Maslin, M. (2004). Global Warming A Very Short Introduction . New York: Oxford University Press.
Miles, E. L., & Arild Underdal, S. A. (2002). One Question, Two Answers. In A. Underdall, Environmental Regime Effectiveness (p. 11). London: The MIT Press.
Mulyani, M., & Jepson, P. (2013). REDD+ and Forest Governance in Indonesia: A Multistakeholder Study of Perceived. The Journal of Environment & Development, 270.
Neuman, L. (2014). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Edinburgh: Pearson Education Limited.
Nofyanza, S., Moeliono, M., Selviana, V., Dwisatrio, B., Liswanti, N., & Komalasari, A. R. (2020). Revisiting the REDD+ experience in Indonesia Lessons from national, subnational and local implementation. Forest Research, 5.
Ojeaga, P. I., & Posu, S. M. (2017). Climate Change, Industrial Activity and Economic Growth: A Cross Regional Analysis. Department of Entrepreneurial Studies College of Management Sciences Federal University of Agriculture, 3.
Pearson, T. R., Brown, S., & Sidman, L. M. (2017). Greenhouse gas emissions from tropical forest degradation: an underestimated source. Carbon and Balance Management, 5.
Peet, R., & Paul Robbins, M. W. (2011). Global Nature . In R. Peet, & M. W. Paul Robbins, Global Political Ecology (pp. 17-19). New York: Routledge.
REDD+ Suriname. (2017, - -). REDD+ HIstory Countries. Retrieved from surinameredd.org: https://www.surinameredd.org/en/reddplus/history/
REDD+, S. T. (2012). Strategi Naisonal REDD+. Jakarta: Satgas REDD+.
Salminah, M., & Wibowo, A. (2017). Sinkronasi Kebijakan Nasional REDD+ Dengan Kepentingan Pihak Pada Tingkat Subnasional. Jurnal Analisis Kebijakan Kehutanan, 118.
Sample, I. (2005, Juni 30). The Father of Climate Change. Retrieved from The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2005/jun/30/climatechange.climatechangeenvironment2
Satwika, W. F. (2020). Komitmen Indonesia dalam Mematuhi Perjanjian Kerjasama REDD+ Indonesia-Norwegia terhadap Upaya Penanganan Deforestasi dan Degradasi Hutan di Indonesia. Journal of International Relations, 289.
Seymour, F., & Angelsen, A. (2012). Analysing REDD+. In F. Seymour, & A. Angelsen, Summary and Conclusions (p. 318).
The Guardian. (2016, April 19). Study: humans have caused all the global warming since 1950. Retrieved from The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2016/apr/19/study-humans-have-caused-all-the-global-warming-since-1950
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Torti, J. (2012, Desember 12). Floods in Southeast Asia: A health priority. Retrieved from Journal of Global Health: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3529313/
Underdal, A. (2002). Environmental Regime Effectiveness: Confronting Theory with Evidence. London: The MIT Press.
UNFCCC. (1998). What is the Kyoto Protocol? Retrieved from United Nations Climate Change: https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol#:~:text=In%20short%2C%20the%20Kyoto%20Protocol,accordance%20with%20agreed%20individual%20targets.
UNFCCC. (2010). The Kyoto Protocol Mechanism. Bonn: UNFCCC.
UNFCCC. (2011). Current status and outcomes of REDD negotiations under UNFCCC. Durban: UNFCCC.
United Nation ESCAP. (2010, - -). Low Carbon Green Growth Roadmap for Asia and the Pacific (Fact Sheet). Retrieved from United Nation ESCAP: https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/51.%20FS-REDD-and-REDD.pdf
Vautard, R., & Maarten Van Aalst, O. B.-M. (2020). Human contribution to the record-breaking June and July 2019 heatwaves in Western Europe. Evironmental Research Letters, 5.
Weisse, M., & Elizabeth Dow Goldman. (2017, October 23). Global Tree Cover Loss Rose 51 Percent in 2016. Retrieved from WRI Indonesia: https://wri-indonesia.org/en/insights/global-tree-cover-loss-rose-51-percent-2016
Published
2024-08-10
How to Cite
Bongso, C. (2024). INDONESIA-NORWAY COOPERATION: EFFICACY IN REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION AND DEGRADATION (2010-2022). Indonesian Journal of International Relations, 8(2), 353-374. https://doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v8i2.593
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