KEPENTINGAN AMERIKA SERIKAT UNTUK BERGABUNG KEMBALI KE THE UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO) TAHUN 2023
Keywords:
United State, national interest, UNESCO
Abstract
This research examines the motivations behind the United States (US) rejoining the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 2023. After the US withdrew from UNESCO in 2017, there was a shift in the influence of hegemonic power from the US to countries that have large financial contributions to UNESCO, such as China. This research uses the concepts of national interest, balance of power, and William D. Coplin's foreign policy theory. The research method is qualitative, with data sources derived from literature studies of books, journals, official government websites, and others. This research finds the power-balancing efforts made by the US from China's influence on UNESCO as a step toward achieving US interests in UNESCO. This research shows that the US interest in rejoining UNESCO in 2023 is to restore US dominance by instilling liberal democratic values that are the basis of US politics and economics in every UNESCO program.
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References
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Edwards, L. (1990, Juni). The US and UNESCO: Is It Time to Rejoin? International Library Review, 22(2), 105-118. Retrieved Mei 30, 2024, from https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7837(90)90013-6
He, K. (2008). Institutional Balancing and International Relations Theory: Economic Interdependence and Balance of Power Strategies in Southeast Asia. European Journal of International Relations, 14(3), 489–518. doi:10.1177/1354066108092310
JSTOR. (2003, Oktober). United States' Return to UNESCO. The American Journal of International Law, 97(4), 977-979. Retrieved Juni 16, 2024, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/3133698
Julien, C. (2017, Oktober 14). America First or America Alone? Trump’s withdrawal doctrine. Retrieved Juli 17, 2024, from Times of Israel: https://www.timesofisrael.com/america-first-or-america-alone-trumps-withdrawal-doctrine/
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Machmudi, Y., & Ardifansyia, Q. Q. (2022, July 31). U.S. Foreign Policy Towards Unesco After Acceptance Of Palestinian Membership For The Period 2012-2017. Journal of Strategic and Global Studies, 5(2). doi: 10.7454/jsgs.v5i2.1107
Marwecki, D. (2019, Februari 19). Why Did the U.S. and Israel Leave UNESCO? Retrieved Juni 16, 2024, from E-International Relations: https://www.e-ir.info/2019/02/14/why-did-the-u-s-and-israel-leave-unesco/
Maulana, M. A., & Yuliantoro, N. R. (2024, Mei). Donald Trump Foreign Policy: Withdrawal from International Regimes and Organizations. Intermestic: Journal of International Studies, 8(2), 530-555. doi:10.24198/intermestic.v8n2.7
McNeil, M. (2011, November 7). U.S. Pulls Its Support From UNESCO, Again. Education Week, 31(11), 4. Retrieved Juni 16, 2024, from Education Week: https://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2011/11/09/11brief-2.h31.html
Meng, W. (2024, Mei 23). Is power shifting? China's evolving engagement with UNESCO. Global Policy, 15(S2), 97-109. doi: 10.1111/1758-5899.13373
Mina, V. J. (2022, Oktober 1). The Biden Administration’s Decision to Rejoin the World Health Organization: A Power Move or a Faulty Move? Maryland Journal of International Law, 36(1), 121-128. Retrieved Juli 19, 2024, from https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/mjil/vol36/iss1/11
Miri, S. M., & Omrani, A. (2022). The impact of Joe Biden’s rise to power on the US transatlantic foreign policy. Revista Cimexus, 17(1), 219-239. Retrieved Juli 23, 2024, from https://doi.org/10.33110/cimexus170110
Nordstrom, L. (2023, Juni 30). China, AI and a say on world order: Why the US rejoined UNESCO. Retrieved Mei 30, 2024, from France 24: https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20230630-china-ai-and-a-say-on-world-order-why-the-us-rejoined-unesco
Novakovic, M. (2022). The differences in US foreign policy towards the UN and ICC in Trump and Biden administrations. MP 4, 327(73), 611-630. Retrieved Juni 29, 2024, from https://doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0025-8555/2022/0025-85552204611N.pdf
Nuechterlein, D. E. (1976). National interests and foreign policy: A conceptual framework for analysis and decision-making. Brit. J. International Studies, 246-266. Retrieved Juni 10, 2024
Ocampo, J. E., Melgarejo, A. M., & Zapata, E. N. (2020, Juni). Supporting Israel by withholding support to International Organizations: UNRWA and UNESCO in Trump’s foreign policy. Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterráneos, 28, 25-44. doi:https://doi.org/10.15366/reim2020.28.002
Pham, J. P. (2008, Oktober 21). What Is in the National Interest? Hans Morgenthau's Realist Vision and American Foreign Policy. American Foreign Policy Interests: The Journal of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy, 30(5), 256-265. doi:10.1080/10803920802435245
Oelze, S. (2023, Juli 26). Watchdog wants Russia out of UNESCO Heritage Committee. Retrieved Oktober 14, 2024, from DW News: https://www.dw.com/en/unesco-world-heritage-committee-should-exclude-russia/a-66352696
Price, N. (2023, Maret 9). Department Press Briefing – March 9, 2023. Retrieved 10 16, 2023, from U.S Department of State: https://www.state.gov/briefings/department-press-briefing-march-9-2023/
Schultz, G. (1984). . Letter from U.S. Secretary of State George Schultz to UNESCO Director-General Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow, announcing the decision of the U.S. government to withdraw its membership from UNESCO (28 December 1983). Journal of Communication, 34(4), 82-84.
Seeger, A. (2015, Desember). Understanding UNESCO: A Complex Organization with Many Parts and Many Actors. Journal of Folklore Research, 52(2-3), 269-280. Retrieved Juni 15, 2024, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jfolkrese.52.2-3.269
Seymour, T. (2023, Juni 12). Worried about Chinese influence, the US agrees to rejoin Unesco. Retrieved Mei 30, 2024, from the Art Newspaper: https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/06/12/worried-about-chinese-influence-the-us-agrees-to-rejoin-unesco
Sherwood, H. (2011, Oktober 31). US pulls Unesco funding after Palestine is granted full membership. Retrieved Mei 30, 2024, from The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/31/unesco-backs-palestinian-membership
Singh, J. (2014). A 21st-Century UNESCO: Ideals and Politics in an Era of (Interrupted) US Re-Engagement. Future UN Development System. Retrieved Juni 17, 2024
Swielande, T. S. (2021). The Biden Administration: An Opportunity to Affirm a Flexible and Adaptive American World Leadership. World Affairs, 184(2), 130-150. Retrieved Juli 20, 2024, from https://doi.org/10.1177/00438200211014643
The Economic Times. (2023, Juni 12). US decides to rejoin UNESCO and pay back dues, to counter Chinese influence. Retrieved Juni 30, 2024, from The Economic Times News: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/us-decides-to-rejoin-unesco-and-pay-back-dues-to-counter-chinese-influence/articleshow/100937073.cms?from=mdr
U.S General Accounting Office. (1993). UNESCO: Improvements in Management Practice. Washington: GAO. Retrieved Juni 16, 2024, from http://www.gao.gov/
UNESCO. (2011). Collection of Member States' Contributions. Paris: UNESCO. Retrieved Oktober 16, 2024, from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000210825
UNESCO. (2019). Beijing Consensus on Artificial Intelligence and Education. Beijing: UNESCO. Retrieved Juli 29, 2024, from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000368303
UNESCO. (2022). Constitution of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2022 Edition. UNESCO.
UNESCO. (2023). Member States' Contributions. Paris: UNESCO. Retrieved Oktober 16, 2024
UNESCO. (2023, Mei 16). Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. Retrieved Mei 30, 2024, from UNESCO: https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/recommendation-ethics-artificial-intelligence
UNESCO. (2023). Sources of Funding. Paris: UNESCO. Retrieved Oktober 14, 2024, from https://core.unesco.org/en/sources-of-funding
UNESCO. (2023, Juni 30). The United States of America returns to UNESCO: A very large majority of Member States vote in favour. Retrieved Juni 17, 2024, from UNESCO: https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/united-states-america-returns-unesco-very-large-majority-member-states-vote-favour
UNESCO. (n.d.). The World Heritage Committee. Retrieved Juli 10, 2024, from UNESCO WHC: https://whc.unesco.org/en/committee/
Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory of International Politics. California: Addison Wesley. Retrieved Oktober 14, 2024
WHC UNESCO. (2023). China. UNESCO. Retrieved Oktober 14, 2024, from https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/cn
Published
2025-02-26
How to Cite
Adistya, A., & Kiky , R. (2025). KEPENTINGAN AMERIKA SERIKAT UNTUK BERGABUNG KEMBALI KE THE UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO) TAHUN 2023. Indonesian Journal of International Relations, 9(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v9i1.618
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