PERANAN MILITER DALAM KONFLIK INTERNAL MYANMAR PADA TAHUN 2017-2022
Keywords:
bad leader, coup, intrcatable conflict, Min Aung Hlaing, military
Abstract
This study aims to explain how the role of the military has increasingly sharpened the internal conflict in Myanmar in 2017-2021 between the military government and ethnic minorities in Myanmar. For this purpose, qualitative research methods, document studies and literature are used. To strengthen the analysis, the concept of bad leaders and the concept of intractable conflict are used. The results of the study show that the Myanmar military is the main actor that prolongs the conflict, or the main factor in creating and maintaining intractable conflict in Myanmar. The strong role and ambition of Min Aung Hlaing as the military leader in leading the coup is to return Myanmar to a military authoritarian state. In conclusion, as long as the Tatmadaw does not relinquish power, and there is no effective international pressure, this conflict is likely to remain in a stalemate phase with a prolonged deadlock
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
OCHA . (2019). Rohingya Refugee Crisis.
Aljazeera. (2024, March 28). Min Aung Hlaing talks tough as Myanmar’s armed forces face growing pressure. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2024/3/28/min-aung-hlaing-talks-tough-as-myanmars-armed-forces-hold-annual-parade
Ashadi, W. (2022). Kudeta Junta Militer Myanmar Terhadap Aung San Suu Kyi 2021. Dauliyah: Journal of Islam and International Affairs 7, no. 2 , 138-164.
BBC. (2022, February 3). Retrieved from Myanmar: Mengapa militer, yang berjuluk Tatmadaw, begitu brutal dengan rakyat sendiri termasuk Muslim Rohingya?: https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia-60225717
BBC. (2022, July 25). Myanmar: Who are the rulers who have executed democracy campaigners? Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-55902070
Bercovitch, J. a. (2011). Unraveling Internal Conflicts in East Asia and the Pacific: Incidence, Consequences, and Resolution. Lexington Books.
Brown, M. E. (1996). The international dimensions of internal conflict. Mit Press.
Bünte, M. (2011). Burma's Transition to'Disciplined Democracy': Abdication or Institutionalization of Military Rule? GIGA, 1-26.
Burgess, H. a. (2003). What are intractable conflicts. Beyond intractability. Retrieved from Beyond intractability: https://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/meaning_intractability
Chih-Pei, H. U. (2017). John W. Creswell, research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Journal of Social and Administrative Sciences, 4(2), 205-207.
Claire Q. Smith, S. G. (2021). Why Indonesia Adopted "Quiet Diplomacy over R2P in the Rohingya Crisis : The Roles of Islamic Humanitarianism, Civil–Military Relations, and Asean. 158-185.
CNN. (2019, July 28). Negosiasi Soal Kewarganegaraan Rohingya Masih Buntu. Retrieved from https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20190728232726-113-416289/negosiasi-soal-kewarganegaraan-rohingya-masih-buntu
Dalia Barsoum, I. K. (2019). Breaking Deadlocks: Peace Process Support. Berghof foundation, 27-33.
Fawthrop, T. (2021, February 27). The Diplomat. Retrieved from Myanmar’s Ethnic Groups Join Together to Reject Military Rule: https://thediplomat.com/2021/02/myanmars-ethnic-groups-join-together-to-reject-military-rule/
Firnas, M. A. (2023). "Krisis Politik Myanmar: Masa Depan Demokrasi Pasca Kudeta Militer dan Peran Indonesia. Intermestic: Journal of International Studies 7, no. 2 , 600-617.
Frontieres, M. S. (2022, August 24). A timeline of the Rohingya crisis. Retrieved from https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/timeline-visual-history-rohingya-refugee-crisis
Ganesan, N. (2022). The February 2021 Military Coup in Myanmar: Its Impact on Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy. A Hiroshima Approach to Peace Studies: HPI Public Lecture Series Report 2022, 3-16.
Goldman, J. S. (2006). How humiliation fuels intractable conflict: The effects of emotional roles on recall and reactions to conflictual encounters. Teachers College, Columbia University.
Harahap, D. (2022, May 28). Kumparan. Retrieved from Politik Identitas Pada Etnis Rohingya di Myanmar: https://kumparan.com/delvira-harahap/politik-identitas-pada-etnis-rohingya-di-myanmar-1yA2IJACbyn/full
Juanda, O. (2021). Myanmar Military Forces Atrocities Against the Rohingya under International Criminal Law. NEGREI: Academic Journal of Law and Governance 1, no. 2, 111.
Keling, M. F. (2010). A Historical Approach to Myanmar's Democratic Process. Journal of Asia Pacific Studies, 132-148.
Khant, N. M. (2024, December 14). Myanmar’s Min Aung Hlaing struggles for political longevity. Retrieved from eastasiaforum: https://eastasiaforum.org/2024/12/14/myanmars-min-aung-hlaing-struggles-for-political-longevity/
Merdeka.com. (2016). Apa sebenarnya penyebab Myanmar menindas Muslim Rohingya? Retrieved from https://www.merdeka.com/dunia/apa-sebenarnya-penyebab-myanmar-menindas-muslim-rohingya.html
Ramsbotham, O. (2005). "The analysis of protracted social conflict: a tribute to Edward Azar." . Review of International Studies 31, 109-126.
Reuters. (2021, February 1). All eyes on Myanmar army chief Min Aung Hlaing as military seizes power. Retrieved from Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/article/world/all-eyes-on-myanmar-army-chief-min-aung-hlaing-as-military-seizes-power-idUSKBN2A119W/
Robbie, A. S. ( 2022, March 22). The U.S. Has Recognized Myanmar’s Genocide. But Is That Enough? Retrieved from Foreign Policy: https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/03/24/myanmar-genocide-rohingya-us-recognition/
Selth, A. (2023, December 6). Military manpower has become a critical factor for Myanmar’s junta. Retrieved from Australian Strategic Policy Instute: https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/military-manpower-has-become-a-critical-factor-for-myanmars-junta/
Setiawan, A. &. (2019). Role of Indonesian humanitarian diplomacy toward Rohingya crisis in Myanmar. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Social Sciences. Jakarta: EAI.
Slodkowski, A. (2021, February 2). Newsmaker: Ambitious but cornered, Myanmar army chief took full power. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/world/newsmaker-ambitious-but-cornered-myanmar-army-chief-took-full-power-idUSKBN2A139A/
Steinberg, D. I. (2021). The military in Burma/Myanmar: On the longevity of Tatmadaw rule and influence. ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute.
Thawnghmung, A. M. (2021). Myanmar’s military coup and the elevation of the minority agenda? Critical Asian Studies, 53(2), 297-309.
TheJakartaPost. (2021, February 1). Min Aung Hlaing: Myanmar's powerful, ambitious army chief. Retrieved from https://www.thejakartapost.com/index.php/seasia/2021/02/01/min-aung-hlaing-myanmars-powerful-ambitious-army-chief-.html
Turnell, S. (2011). Myanmar's fifty-year authoritarian trap. Journal of International Affairs , 79-92.
Zartman, W. (2008). Ripeness: the importance of timing in negotiation and conflict resolution. E-International Relations, 20.
Aljazeera. (2024, March 28). Min Aung Hlaing talks tough as Myanmar’s armed forces face growing pressure. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2024/3/28/min-aung-hlaing-talks-tough-as-myanmars-armed-forces-hold-annual-parade
Ashadi, W. (2022). Kudeta Junta Militer Myanmar Terhadap Aung San Suu Kyi 2021. Dauliyah: Journal of Islam and International Affairs 7, no. 2 , 138-164.
BBC. (2022, February 3). Retrieved from Myanmar: Mengapa militer, yang berjuluk Tatmadaw, begitu brutal dengan rakyat sendiri termasuk Muslim Rohingya?: https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia-60225717
BBC. (2022, July 25). Myanmar: Who are the rulers who have executed democracy campaigners? Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-55902070
Bercovitch, J. a. (2011). Unraveling Internal Conflicts in East Asia and the Pacific: Incidence, Consequences, and Resolution. Lexington Books.
Brown, M. E. (1996). The international dimensions of internal conflict. Mit Press.
Bünte, M. (2011). Burma's Transition to'Disciplined Democracy': Abdication or Institutionalization of Military Rule? GIGA, 1-26.
Burgess, H. a. (2003). What are intractable conflicts. Beyond intractability. Retrieved from Beyond intractability: https://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/meaning_intractability
Chih-Pei, H. U. (2017). John W. Creswell, research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Journal of Social and Administrative Sciences, 4(2), 205-207.
Claire Q. Smith, S. G. (2021). Why Indonesia Adopted "Quiet Diplomacy over R2P in the Rohingya Crisis : The Roles of Islamic Humanitarianism, Civil–Military Relations, and Asean. 158-185.
CNN. (2019, July 28). Negosiasi Soal Kewarganegaraan Rohingya Masih Buntu. Retrieved from https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20190728232726-113-416289/negosiasi-soal-kewarganegaraan-rohingya-masih-buntu
Dalia Barsoum, I. K. (2019). Breaking Deadlocks: Peace Process Support. Berghof foundation, 27-33.
Fawthrop, T. (2021, February 27). The Diplomat. Retrieved from Myanmar’s Ethnic Groups Join Together to Reject Military Rule: https://thediplomat.com/2021/02/myanmars-ethnic-groups-join-together-to-reject-military-rule/
Firnas, M. A. (2023). "Krisis Politik Myanmar: Masa Depan Demokrasi Pasca Kudeta Militer dan Peran Indonesia. Intermestic: Journal of International Studies 7, no. 2 , 600-617.
Frontieres, M. S. (2022, August 24). A timeline of the Rohingya crisis. Retrieved from https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/timeline-visual-history-rohingya-refugee-crisis
Ganesan, N. (2022). The February 2021 Military Coup in Myanmar: Its Impact on Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy. A Hiroshima Approach to Peace Studies: HPI Public Lecture Series Report 2022, 3-16.
Goldman, J. S. (2006). How humiliation fuels intractable conflict: The effects of emotional roles on recall and reactions to conflictual encounters. Teachers College, Columbia University.
Harahap, D. (2022, May 28). Kumparan. Retrieved from Politik Identitas Pada Etnis Rohingya di Myanmar: https://kumparan.com/delvira-harahap/politik-identitas-pada-etnis-rohingya-di-myanmar-1yA2IJACbyn/full
Juanda, O. (2021). Myanmar Military Forces Atrocities Against the Rohingya under International Criminal Law. NEGREI: Academic Journal of Law and Governance 1, no. 2, 111.
Keling, M. F. (2010). A Historical Approach to Myanmar's Democratic Process. Journal of Asia Pacific Studies, 132-148.
Khant, N. M. (2024, December 14). Myanmar’s Min Aung Hlaing struggles for political longevity. Retrieved from eastasiaforum: https://eastasiaforum.org/2024/12/14/myanmars-min-aung-hlaing-struggles-for-political-longevity/
Merdeka.com. (2016). Apa sebenarnya penyebab Myanmar menindas Muslim Rohingya? Retrieved from https://www.merdeka.com/dunia/apa-sebenarnya-penyebab-myanmar-menindas-muslim-rohingya.html
Ramsbotham, O. (2005). "The analysis of protracted social conflict: a tribute to Edward Azar." . Review of International Studies 31, 109-126.
Reuters. (2021, February 1). All eyes on Myanmar army chief Min Aung Hlaing as military seizes power. Retrieved from Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/article/world/all-eyes-on-myanmar-army-chief-min-aung-hlaing-as-military-seizes-power-idUSKBN2A119W/
Robbie, A. S. ( 2022, March 22). The U.S. Has Recognized Myanmar’s Genocide. But Is That Enough? Retrieved from Foreign Policy: https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/03/24/myanmar-genocide-rohingya-us-recognition/
Selth, A. (2023, December 6). Military manpower has become a critical factor for Myanmar’s junta. Retrieved from Australian Strategic Policy Instute: https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/military-manpower-has-become-a-critical-factor-for-myanmars-junta/
Setiawan, A. &. (2019). Role of Indonesian humanitarian diplomacy toward Rohingya crisis in Myanmar. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Social Sciences. Jakarta: EAI.
Slodkowski, A. (2021, February 2). Newsmaker: Ambitious but cornered, Myanmar army chief took full power. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/world/newsmaker-ambitious-but-cornered-myanmar-army-chief-took-full-power-idUSKBN2A139A/
Steinberg, D. I. (2021). The military in Burma/Myanmar: On the longevity of Tatmadaw rule and influence. ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute.
Thawnghmung, A. M. (2021). Myanmar’s military coup and the elevation of the minority agenda? Critical Asian Studies, 53(2), 297-309.
TheJakartaPost. (2021, February 1). Min Aung Hlaing: Myanmar's powerful, ambitious army chief. Retrieved from https://www.thejakartapost.com/index.php/seasia/2021/02/01/min-aung-hlaing-myanmars-powerful-ambitious-army-chief-.html
Turnell, S. (2011). Myanmar's fifty-year authoritarian trap. Journal of International Affairs , 79-92.
Zartman, W. (2008). Ripeness: the importance of timing in negotiation and conflict resolution. E-International Relations, 20.
Published
2025-02-26
How to Cite
Arya Adhi Saputra, & Elisabeth Adyiningtyas Satya Dewi. (2025). PERANAN MILITER DALAM KONFLIK INTERNAL MYANMAR PADA TAHUN 2017-2022. Indonesian Journal of International Relations, 9(1), 80-96. https://doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v9i1.644
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesian Journal of International Relations
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
