KETERGANTUNGAN AUSTRALIA DI BIDANG PERTAHANAN
Keywords:
Aliansi, Australia, Dilema Keamanan, Kalkulasi Strategis, Ketergantungan Pertahanan
Abstract
Australia telah menikmati keamanan dari aliansinya sejak 1901. Namun, aliansi tidak memberikan keuntungan secara cuma-cuma. Mendukung kepentingan strategis mitra merupakan salah satu bentuk beban aliansi. Artikel ini menganalisa ketergantungan Australia terhadap aliansi dengan Amerika Serikat dan Inggris sejak berdirinya negara tersebut hingga era kontemporer yang ditandai dengan keikutsertaan Australia dalam Australia, United Kingdom, dan United States (AUKUS). Artikel ini menggunakan konsep dilema keamanan dan aliansi untuk mengolah data kualitatif yang didapatkan melalui studi literatur. Analisa dilakukan terhadap keuntungan yang diterima dari aliansi guna menjelaskan bagaimana Australia bersedia membayar biaya dari aliansi. Kami menemukan bahwa Australia sangat membutuhkan keamanan yang didapatkannya dari aliansi dengan Amerika Serikat atau/dan Inggris sehingga rela menanggung biaya besar dari keanggotaannya. Survivability Australia merupakan kebutuhan pokok yang mampu dipenuhi oleh aliansi. Kalkulasi strategis Australia juga memengaruhi kultur strategisnya. Studi ini berguna untuk memahami bagaimana suatu negara mengkalkulasikan kebijakan pertahanan yang akan diambilnya.
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References
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Gulmanelli, Stefano. (2014). John Howard and the ‘Anglospherist’ Reshaping of Australia. Australian Journal of Political Science, 49(4), 581–95.
Haider, Muhammad Zarrar. (2014). Australian Strategic Policy-Evolution and Future Challenges. Defence Journal Karachi, 18(3).
Hall, Ian. (2022). Aukus and Australia–UK Strategic Reconvergence. The RUSI Journal, 167(6–7), 34–42.
Jaknanihan, Arrizal Anugerah. (2022). Beyond Inclusion: Explaining China's Rejection on the Indo-Pacific Regional Construct. Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional, 24(1), 35-62.
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Kusumasomantri, Aisha Rasyidila. (2018). Strategi Hedging Indonesia terhadap Klaim Teritorial Tiongkok di Laut Tiongkok Selatan. Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional, 17(1), 48-80.
Lantis, Jeffrey S., & Andrew A. Carlton. (2011). Continuity or Change? The Strategic Culture of Australia. Comparative Strategy, 291-315.
Lim, Robyn. (1998). Australian Security after the Cold War". Orbis, 42(1), 91–103.
Lim, Robyn., & McLennan, A. D. (1996). Self-Reliance as Panacea: Muddling Strategic Thinking in Australia. A Journal of Policy Analysis and Reform, 3(3), 267-275.
McDougall, Derek. (2001). Australia and Asia‑Pacific Security Regionalism: From Hawke and Keating to Howard. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 23(1), 81–100.
National Archives of Australia. (2024). The Bombing of Darwin. https://www.naa.gov.au/help-your-research/fact-sheets/bombing-darwin.
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National Museum of Australia. (2023). Fall of Singapore. https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/fall-of-singapore.
Pertiwi, Sukmawani Bela. (2020). Repositioning Indonesia in the Changing Maratime Landscape of the Indo-Pacific Region. Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional, 22(1), 1-25.
Scott, David. (2018). Britain Returns to the Indian Ocean?. The Round Table, 107(3), 307–16.
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Tertia, Joseph., & Anak A. B. Perwita. (2018). Maritime Security in Indo-Pacific: Issues, Challenges and Proscpects. Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional, 14(1), 77-95.
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Walker, D. (1999). Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia 1850–1939. St Lucia: University of Queensland Press.
Wood, Bernard. (1987). Middle Powers in the International System: A Preliminary Assestment of Potential. https://www.wider.unu.edu/sites/default/files/WP11.pdf.
Australian Politics. (2011). Aukmin III Communique. https://australianpolitics.com/2011/01/18/aukmin-iii-communique.html.
Australian War Memorial London, 2024. Australians in the Second World War. https://www.awmlondon.gov.au/australians-in-wwii.
Australian War Memorial. First World War 1914–18. https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/atwar/first-world-war.
Beaumont, Joan. (2014). Unitedly We Have Fought: Imperial Loyalty and the Australian War Effort, International Affairs, 90(2), 397–412.
Beaumont, Joan. (2020). Australia’s War 1939-45. Sydney: Routledge.
Beeson, Mark. (2009). Australia, the United States and the Unassailable Alliance. Dalam Dumbrell, J., & A. Schäfer (ed.). America’s 'Special Relationships. New York: Routledge.
Beeson, Mark & Alan Bloomfield. (2019). The Trump Effect Downunder: U.S. Allies, Australian Strategic Culture, and the Politics of Path Dependence. Contemporary Security Policy, 40(3), 335–361.
Benvenuti, Andrea (2004). Shifting Priorities: Australia’s Defence Ties to Britain in the Aftermath of Empire. History Compass, 2(1), 1–11.
Bisley, Nick. (2016). Australia’s Strategic Culture and Asia’s Changing Regional Order. https://www.nbr.org/publication/australias-strategic-culture-and-asias-changing-regional-order/.
Bisley, Nick. (2019). Australia’s American Alliance and the Networking of Forces in East Asia. International Politics, 57(2), 208–224.
Brown, Jeremy. (2020). An Analysis of Australian Defense Policy From 1901 to Present. Security Nexus, 21, 1-7.
Candra, Darang Sahdana. (2013). Dinamika Kerjasama Keamanan Selandia Baru-Amerika Serikat Sejak Tahun 2000. Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional, 15(2), 177-194.
Cheeseman, Graeme. (1991). From Forward Defence to Self‐reliance: Changes and Continuities in Australian Defence Policy 1965–90. Australian Journal of Political Science, 26(3), 429–45.
Corben, T., Ashley T., & S. Patton. (2021). What Is the Aukus Partnership?. https://www.ussc.edu.au/analysis/explainer-what-is-the-aukus-partnership.
Crafts, Nicholas. (2014). Walking Wounded: The British Economy in the Aftermath of World War. https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/walking-wounded-british-economy-aftermath-world-war-i#:~:text=Overall%2C%20there%20were%20important%20adverse,public%20debt%20to%20GDP%20ratio.
Dean, P. J. (2016). The Alliance, Australia’s Strategic Culture and Way of War. Dalam P. Dean, S. Frühling, & B. Taylor. (ed.). Australia’s American Alliance. Carlton: Melbourne University Press.
Defence Ministers Australian Government. (2021). Joint Media Statement: Australia to Pursue Nuclear-Powered Submarines through New Trilateral Enhanced Security Partnership. https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/statements/2021-09-16/joint-media-statement-australia-pursue-nuclear-powered-submarines-through-new-trilateral-enhanced-security-partnership.
Department of Defence. Current Operations: Afghanistan. http://www.defence.gov.au/footer/copyright.html.
Donovan, David. (2020). Australia's last brick of nationhood. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-12-07/australia27s_last_brick_of_nationhood/41892
Dupont, Alan. (1991). Australia’s Threat Perceptions: A Search for Security. Canberra: Australian National University, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre.
Edwards, P. (2015). Forward defence. Dalam P. Edwards. Learning from history: Some strategic lessons from the ‘forward defence’ era. Australian Strategic Policy Institute.
Elijah, Annmarie. (2006). Australia and the United Kingdom. The Round Table, 95(387), 667–78.
Fickling, David. (2004). Australia seen as 'America's deputy sherrif. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/10/indonesia.australia.
Fitriani, Evi. (2012). Indonesia dan Australia: Dekat Tapi Jauh. Dalam E. Fitriani. Australia dan Negara-negara Pasifik Selatan: Observasi dan pandangan dari Indonesia. Depok: UI Press.
Fitriani, Evi. (2018). President Joko Widodo’s Foreign Policy: Implications for Indonesia-Australia Relations. Dalam T. Lindset & D. McRae. Strangers next Door? Indonesia and Australia in the Asian Century. HART Publishing.
Ford, Shannon Brandt. (2020). The Evolution of the US-Australia Strategic Relationship. Dalam McDonald, Scott & Tan, Andrew. The Future of the United States—Australia Alliance. London: Routledge.
Frühling, Stephan. (2014). Australian Defence Policy and the Concept of Self-Reliance. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 68(5), 531–47.
Government of Australia. (2024). Australian Defence 1976. https://www.defence.gov.au/about/strategic-planning/defence-white-paper.
Government UK. (2011). RAF Typhoons Fly 7,000 Miles for Ex Bersama Lima.https://www.gov.uk/government/news/raf-typhoons-fly-7-000-miles-for-ex-bersama-lima.
Government UK. (2018). The UK and Australia: A Dynamic Partnership for the 21st Century. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-uk-and-australia-a-dynamic-partnership-for-the-21st-century.
Grey, Jeffrey. (1999). Mlitary History of Australia. Cambridge University Press.
Gulmanelli, Stefano. (2014). John Howard and the ‘Anglospherist’ Reshaping of Australia. Australian Journal of Political Science, 49(4), 581–95.
Haider, Muhammad Zarrar. (2014). Australian Strategic Policy-Evolution and Future Challenges. Defence Journal Karachi, 18(3).
Hall, Ian. (2022). Aukus and Australia–UK Strategic Reconvergence. The RUSI Journal, 167(6–7), 34–42.
Jaknanihan, Arrizal Anugerah. (2022). Beyond Inclusion: Explaining China's Rejection on the Indo-Pacific Regional Construct. Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional, 24(1), 35-62.
Jervis, Robert. (1978). Cooperation under the Security Dilemma. World Politics, 30(2), 167–214.
Kahn, Lauren. (2023). Aukus Explained: How Will the Trilateral Pact Shape Indo-Pacific Security?. https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/aukus-explained-how-will-trilateral-pact-shape-indo-pacific-security.
Kang, Jung Il & Yooshin Im. (2021). Why Does Australia Perceive China as a Threat?: A Constructivist Point of View. J-Institute, 6(2), 1–8.
Kusumasomantri, Aisha Rasyidila. (2018). Strategi Hedging Indonesia terhadap Klaim Teritorial Tiongkok di Laut Tiongkok Selatan. Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional, 17(1), 48-80.
Lantis, Jeffrey S., & Andrew A. Carlton. (2011). Continuity or Change? The Strategic Culture of Australia. Comparative Strategy, 291-315.
Lim, Robyn. (1998). Australian Security after the Cold War". Orbis, 42(1), 91–103.
Lim, Robyn., & McLennan, A. D. (1996). Self-Reliance as Panacea: Muddling Strategic Thinking in Australia. A Journal of Policy Analysis and Reform, 3(3), 267-275.
McDougall, Derek. (2001). Australia and Asia‑Pacific Security Regionalism: From Hawke and Keating to Howard. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 23(1), 81–100.
National Archives of Australia. (2024). The Bombing of Darwin. https://www.naa.gov.au/help-your-research/fact-sheets/bombing-darwin.
National Museum of Australia. Vietnam Moratorium. https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/vietnam-moratoriums.
National Museum of Australia. (2023). Fall of Singapore. https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/fall-of-singapore.
Pertiwi, Sukmawani Bela. (2020). Repositioning Indonesia in the Changing Maratime Landscape of the Indo-Pacific Region. Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional, 22(1), 1-25.
Scott, David. (2018). Britain Returns to the Indian Ocean?. The Round Table, 107(3), 307–16.
Sheridan, Greg. (2006). The Partnership: The inside Story of the US-Australian Alliance under Bush and Howard. University of New South Wales Press.
Smith, Alastair. (1995). Alliance Formation and War. International Studies Quarterly, 39(4), 405–25.
Snyder, Glenn H. (1990). Alliance Theory: A Neorealist First Cut. Journal of International Affairs, 44(1), 103–23.
Tertia, Joseph., & Anak A. B. Perwita. (2018). Maritime Security in Indo-Pacific: Issues, Challenges and Proscpects. Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional, 14(1), 77-95.
The Guardian. (2011). Obama tells Asia US 'here to stay' as a Pacific power. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/17/obama-asia-pacific-address-australia-parliament.
The White House. (2018). President Donald J. Trump’s Meeting with Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull Strengthens the United States-Australia Alliance and Close Economic Partnership. https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trumps-meeting-australian-prime-minister-malcolm-turnbull-strengthens-united-states-australia-alliance-close-economic-partnership/.
UK Parliament. Settler Colonies: Australia. https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/parliament-and-empire/parliament-and-the-american-colonies-before-1765/the-settler-colonies-australia/
Walker, D. (1999). Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia 1850–1939. St Lucia: University of Queensland Press.
Wood, Bernard. (1987). Middle Powers in the International System: A Preliminary Assestment of Potential. https://www.wider.unu.edu/sites/default/files/WP11.pdf.
Published
2025-02-26
How to Cite
Rio Kevin, & Evi Fitriani. (2025). KETERGANTUNGAN AUSTRALIA DI BIDANG PERTAHANAN. Indonesian Journal of International Relations, 9(1), 28-51. https://doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v9i1.655
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Articles
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