STRATEGI ASEAN DALAM MENGHINDARI RIVALITAS HEGEMONI ‘BIG POWER STATES’ DI KAWASAN ASIA TENGGARA
Keywords:
ASEAN strategy, big power state, hegemony, Southeast Asia
Abstract
This study aims to analyze ASEAN's strategy in facing the potential hegemonic rivalry among big power states in Southeast Asia. Employing a qualitative research method using secondary data, this study is grounded in the expanded balance of power theory from the neorealist/structural realist school of thought, with ASEAN's hedging strategy as its overarching framework. The research findings indicate that ASEAN adopts a hedging strategy through four main dimensions: soft bandwagoning/strategic engagement, soft balancing (internal), strategic ambiguity/dual positioning, and risk management strategy. These dimensions are manifested in initiatives such as ASEAN Centrality, the ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific (AOIP), the Zone of Peace, Freedom, and Neutrality (ZOPFAN) as a multilateral security framework, and efforts to balance institutions and ideas. In conclusion, ASEAN can effectively avoid hegemonic rivalry in the region by maintaining a collaborative and adaptive hedging strategy
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References
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Dian, Matteo & Meijer, H. (2020). Networking hegemony: alliance dynamics in East Asia. International Politics, 57, 131–149. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-019-00190-y
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Galloway, T., Cole, M., & Lewis, C. (2013). ORE Open Research Exeter. Journal of Cleaner Production, 0–48.
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Hobson, J. M. (2010). The State and International Relations. Cambridge University Press.
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Ikenberry, G. J. (2004). American hegemony and East Asian order. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 58(3), 353–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/1035771042000260129
Jose, Hino Samuel. (2022). From Indo-Pacific Centrality To Strategic Autonomy: Asean – Us Perspective. Indonesian Journal of International Relations, 6(1), 205–228. https://doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v6i1.311
Kaiser, Karl & Rochefort, D. (2007). Big Power Relations in the 21st Century. Politique étrangère, 3(Autumn Issue), 619–632.
Khoo, N. (2022). Great power Rivalry and Southeast Asian agency: Southeast Asia in an Era of US-China strategic competition. Political Science, 74(2–3), 141–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/00323187.2023.2186251
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Koga, K. (2018). ASEAN’s evolving institutional strategy: Managing great power politics in South China sea disputes. Chinese Journal of International Politics, 11(1), 49–80. https://doi.org/10.1093/CJIP/POX016
Koga, K. (2022). Managing Great Power Politics: ASEAN, Institutional Strategy, and the South China Sea. Diambil dari https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2611-2
Mearsheimer, J. J. (2006). China’s Unpeaceful Rise. Political Science, 105(690). Diambil dari https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.2006.105.690.160
Mearsheimer, J. J. (2008). Back to the Future: Insatbility of Europe after the Cold War. International Security, 15(1), 5–56. Diambil dari http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0162-2889%28199022%2915%3A1%3C5%3ABTTFII%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y
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Palit, P. S. (2013). Asia in the 21st Century: India and China engages Southeast Asia. Malaysian Journal of International Relations, 1(1), 32–47. https://doi.org/10.22452/mjir.vol1no1.3
Pape, R. A. (2005). Soft balancing against the United States. International Security, 30(1), 7–45. https://doi.org/10.1162/0162288054894607
Paryono, P., Dimyati, K., Absori, A., & Rismawati, S. D. (2019). The hegemony of global capitalism in the regulation of electricity: The electricity policies of the selected Southeast Asian nations. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 9(6), 326–335. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.7360
Paul, T. V. (2005). Soft balancing in the age of U.S. primacy. International Security, 30(1), 46–71. https://doi.org/10.1162/0162288054894652
Pedersen, T. (2002). Cooperative Hegemony: Power, Ideas and Institutions in Regional Integration. Review of International Studies, 28(4), 677–696. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210502006770
Rosyidin, M. (2023). ASEAN (in)Security Community. Journal Of Global Strategic Studies, 3(1), 43–66. https://doi.org/10.36859/jgss.v3i1.1556
Rüland, J. (2011). Southeast asian regionalism and global governance: “multilateral utility” or “hedging utility”? Contemporary Southeast Asia, 33(1), 83–112. https://doi.org/10.1355/cs33-1d
Rüland, J., & Michael, A. (2019). Overlapping regionalism and cooperative hegemony: how China and India compete in South and Southeast Asia. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 32(2), 178–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2019.1568393
Sekar Ayu, G. A. (2023). Navigating The Storm: ASEAN’s Strategy Amidst Two Major Powers. Global Political Studies Journal, 7(2), 116–126. https://doi.org/10.34010/gpsjournal.v7i2.10008
Southgate, L. (2021). ASEAN: still the zone of peace, freedom and neutrality? Political Science, 73(1), 31–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/00323187.2021.1967762
Stromseth, J., & Marston, H. (2019). Democracy at a crossroads in Southeast Asia: Great power rivalry meets domestic governance. 1–13. https://www.think-asia.org/handle/11540/10225
Stromseth, J. (2020). Beyond binary choices? Navigating great power competition in Southeast Asia. The New Geopolitics Asia, Trilateral(April). Diambil dari https://www.asiascot.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Beyond-Binary-Choices-Jonathan-Stromseth-April-2020.pdf
Thanvichien, V., & Uhlin, A. (2016). Understanding the Functions of the “ASEAN Way” in Great Power Management: The Co-constitution Between Social Structure and Agency in International Society of States in East Asia. Centre for East and South-East Asian Studies - Lund University.
Un, P. T. (2021). Hegemony and Indirect Balancing in Mainland Southeast Asia (University of Chicago). University of Chicago. Diambil dari https://doi.org/10.6082/uchicago.3160
Waltz, K. (1979). Theory of international politics. Boston, Mass. : McGraw-Hill.
Wen, Z., & Runlin, Z. (2023). Expressions and Challenges of ASEAN’s “Centrality” in the Context of China-US Strategic Competition. The Frontiers of Society, Science and Technology, 5(11), 94–99. https://doi.org/10.25236/fsst.2023.051115
Yoshimatsu, H. (2023). ASEAN and Great Power Rivalry in Regionalism: From East Asia to the Indo-Pacific. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 42(1), 25–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/18681034221139297
Yunqi, W. (2023). the Dilemma and Reconstruction of Asean’S Cebtrality: a Neoclassical Realist Perspective. Jurnal Komunikasi Borneo, 11, 2289–2859. Diambil dari www.aseansec.org
Zhao, S. (2015). A New Model of Big Power Relations? China–US strategic rivalry and balance of power in the Asia–Pacific. Journal of Contemporary China, 24(93), 377–397. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2014.953808
Acharya, A. (2001). Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the problem of regional order. London ; New York : Routledge.
Adler, Emmanuel & Barnett, M. (1998). Security Communities. Cambridge University Press.
Beeson, M. (2001). Japan and Southeast Asia: The Lineaments of Quasi-hegemony. Political Science, Economics. Diambil dari oai:espace.library.uq.edu.au:UQ:10797
Beeson, M. (2004). The United States and Southeast Asia : Change and Continuity in American Hegemony. In Asian Regional Governance (1st Edition, hal. 17). Routledge.
Buzan, Barry & Waever, O. (2003). Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511491252
Buzan, B. (2004). From International to World Society?: English School Theory and the Social Structure of Globalisation. Cambridge, UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511616617
Chea, O. (2023). Geopolitical Competition Among Great Powers and ASEAN’s Policy Preference. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 19(20), 52. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2023.v19n20p52
Chiang, M. H. (2015). The US hegemony, East Asia and global governance. Bandung: Journal of the Global South, 2(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40728-015-0023-9
Ciorciari, J. D. (2009). The balance of great-power influence in contemporary Southeast Asia. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 9(1), 157–196. https://doi.org/10.1093/irap/lcn017
Ciorciari, John D & Haacke, J. (2019). Hedging in international relations: an introduction. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 19(3), 367–374.
Dian, Matteo & Meijer, H. (2020). Networking hegemony: alliance dynamics in East Asia. International Politics, 57, 131–149. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-019-00190-y
Eaton, S., & Stubbs, R. (2006). Is ASEAN powerful? Neo-realist versus constructivist approaches to power in Southeast Asia. Pacific Review, 19(2), 135–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512740500473148
Emmerson, D. K. (2005). Security, Community, and Democracy in Southeast Asia: Analyzing ASEAN. Japanese Journal of Political Science, 6(2), 165–185. Diambil dari doi:10.1017/s1468109905001829
Galloway, T., Cole, M., & Lewis, C. (2013). ORE Open Research Exeter. Journal of Cleaner Production, 0–48.
Goh, E. (2005). Meeting the China Challenge : The U.S . in Southeast Asian East-West Center. In Policy Studies 16. Diambil dari https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep06541
Goh, E. (2011). Rising Power … To Do What ? Evaluating China ’ s Power in Southeast Asia. RSIS Working Paper, (No. 226). Singapore: Nanyang Technological University. Diambil dari https://hdl.handle.net/10356/104274
Hanggi, H. (1991). ASEAN and the ZOPFAN Concept. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Hawes, G. (2010). Southeast Asia in the 1990s: Authoritarianism, Democracy and Capitalism. The Journal of Asian Studies, 53(3), 249. https://doi.org/10.2307/2059807
Hobson, J. M. (2010). The State and International Relations. Cambridge University Press.
Hurrel, A. (2008). On Global Order: Power, Values, and the Constitution of International Society. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233106.001.0001
Ikenberry, G. J. (2004). American hegemony and East Asian order. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 58(3), 353–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/1035771042000260129
Jose, Hino Samuel. (2022). From Indo-Pacific Centrality To Strategic Autonomy: Asean – Us Perspective. Indonesian Journal of International Relations, 6(1), 205–228. https://doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v6i1.311
Kaiser, Karl & Rochefort, D. (2007). Big Power Relations in the 21st Century. Politique étrangère, 3(Autumn Issue), 619–632.
Khoo, N. (2022). Great power Rivalry and Southeast Asian agency: Southeast Asia in an Era of US-China strategic competition. Political Science, 74(2–3), 141–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/00323187.2023.2186251
Kivimäki, T. (2012). Sovereignty, hegemony, and peace in Western Europe and in East Asia. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 12(3), 419–447. https://doi.org/10.1093/irap/lcs003
Koga, K. (2018). ASEAN’s evolving institutional strategy: Managing great power politics in South China sea disputes. Chinese Journal of International Politics, 11(1), 49–80. https://doi.org/10.1093/CJIP/POX016
Koga, K. (2022). Managing Great Power Politics: ASEAN, Institutional Strategy, and the South China Sea. Diambil dari https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2611-2
Mearsheimer, J. J. (2006). China’s Unpeaceful Rise. Political Science, 105(690). Diambil dari https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.2006.105.690.160
Mearsheimer, J. J. (2008). Back to the Future: Insatbility of Europe after the Cold War. International Security, 15(1), 5–56. Diambil dari http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0162-2889%28199022%2915%3A1%3C5%3ABTTFII%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y
Murphy, A. M. (2017). Great power rivalries, domestic politics and Southeast Asian foreign policy: Exploring the linkages. Asian Security, 13(3), 165–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/14799855.2017.1354566
Palit, P. S. (2013). Asia in the 21st Century: India and China engages Southeast Asia. Malaysian Journal of International Relations, 1(1), 32–47. https://doi.org/10.22452/mjir.vol1no1.3
Pape, R. A. (2005). Soft balancing against the United States. International Security, 30(1), 7–45. https://doi.org/10.1162/0162288054894607
Paryono, P., Dimyati, K., Absori, A., & Rismawati, S. D. (2019). The hegemony of global capitalism in the regulation of electricity: The electricity policies of the selected Southeast Asian nations. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 9(6), 326–335. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.7360
Paul, T. V. (2005). Soft balancing in the age of U.S. primacy. International Security, 30(1), 46–71. https://doi.org/10.1162/0162288054894652
Pedersen, T. (2002). Cooperative Hegemony: Power, Ideas and Institutions in Regional Integration. Review of International Studies, 28(4), 677–696. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210502006770
Rosyidin, M. (2023). ASEAN (in)Security Community. Journal Of Global Strategic Studies, 3(1), 43–66. https://doi.org/10.36859/jgss.v3i1.1556
Rüland, J. (2011). Southeast asian regionalism and global governance: “multilateral utility” or “hedging utility”? Contemporary Southeast Asia, 33(1), 83–112. https://doi.org/10.1355/cs33-1d
Rüland, J., & Michael, A. (2019). Overlapping regionalism and cooperative hegemony: how China and India compete in South and Southeast Asia. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 32(2), 178–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2019.1568393
Sekar Ayu, G. A. (2023). Navigating The Storm: ASEAN’s Strategy Amidst Two Major Powers. Global Political Studies Journal, 7(2), 116–126. https://doi.org/10.34010/gpsjournal.v7i2.10008
Southgate, L. (2021). ASEAN: still the zone of peace, freedom and neutrality? Political Science, 73(1), 31–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/00323187.2021.1967762
Stromseth, J., & Marston, H. (2019). Democracy at a crossroads in Southeast Asia: Great power rivalry meets domestic governance. 1–13. https://www.think-asia.org/handle/11540/10225
Stromseth, J. (2020). Beyond binary choices? Navigating great power competition in Southeast Asia. The New Geopolitics Asia, Trilateral(April). Diambil dari https://www.asiascot.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Beyond-Binary-Choices-Jonathan-Stromseth-April-2020.pdf
Thanvichien, V., & Uhlin, A. (2016). Understanding the Functions of the “ASEAN Way” in Great Power Management: The Co-constitution Between Social Structure and Agency in International Society of States in East Asia. Centre for East and South-East Asian Studies - Lund University.
Un, P. T. (2021). Hegemony and Indirect Balancing in Mainland Southeast Asia (University of Chicago). University of Chicago. Diambil dari https://doi.org/10.6082/uchicago.3160
Waltz, K. (1979). Theory of international politics. Boston, Mass. : McGraw-Hill.
Wen, Z., & Runlin, Z. (2023). Expressions and Challenges of ASEAN’s “Centrality” in the Context of China-US Strategic Competition. The Frontiers of Society, Science and Technology, 5(11), 94–99. https://doi.org/10.25236/fsst.2023.051115
Yoshimatsu, H. (2023). ASEAN and Great Power Rivalry in Regionalism: From East Asia to the Indo-Pacific. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 42(1), 25–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/18681034221139297
Yunqi, W. (2023). the Dilemma and Reconstruction of Asean’S Cebtrality: a Neoclassical Realist Perspective. Jurnal Komunikasi Borneo, 11, 2289–2859. Diambil dari www.aseansec.org
Zhao, S. (2015). A New Model of Big Power Relations? China–US strategic rivalry and balance of power in the Asia–Pacific. Journal of Contemporary China, 24(93), 377–397. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2014.953808
Published
2025-08-06
How to Cite
Husna, R. (2025). STRATEGI ASEAN DALAM MENGHINDARI RIVALITAS HEGEMONI ‘BIG POWER STATES’ DI KAWASAN ASIA TENGGARA. Indonesian Journal of International Relations, 9(2), 406-432. https://doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v9i2.669
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Copyright (c) 2025 Rafika Husna
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