ORGANISASI KERJA SAMA ISLAM (OKI) SEBAGAI ENTITAS KOSMOPOLITAN DEMOKRATIK: ANALISIS DINAMIKA INTERNAL DAN TANTANGAN STRUKTURAL
Keywords:
democratic cosmopolitanism, global institutions, Islamic world, OIC
Abstract
This study analyzes the internal dynamics and structural challenges faced by the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) in realizing a democratic cosmopolitan entity, addressing a literature gap regarding its democratic practices. Employing the concept of democratic cosmopolitanism with indicators of inter-state equality, cultural hybridity, and individual Human Rights (HR) implementation, this qualitative descriptive-analytical research utilizes document analysis. Findings reveal that the OIC grapples with inter-state inequality due to political hegemony, and while efforts for cultural hybridity exist, internal sectarian diversity remains largely unintegrated. Individual HR implementation is selective, with political participation often restricted despite some progress in social and cultural HR. In conclusion, the OIC demonstrates selectivity in adopting democratic elements, showing cautious openness in economic democracy and certain social/cultural HR issues; however, dominant internal political dynamics and structural challenges, particularly hegemony and unresolved cultural issues, position the OIC far from being a fully democratic cosmopolitan entity.
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References
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Ahmed, S., & Cho, J. (2019). The Internet and political (in)equality in the Arab world : A multi-country study of the relationship between Internet news use, press freedom and protest participation. New Media & Society, 1065 - 1084. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818821372
Akbarzadeh, S., & Ahmed, Z. S. (2017). Impact of Saudi Hegemony on the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). International Journal of Politic, Cultural and Social, 31, 297-311. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-017-9270-x
Akyol, M. (2020). Freedom in the Muslim World. Economic Development Bulletin, Center for Global Liberty and Prosperity. https://www.cato.org/economic-development-bulletin/freedom-muslim-world
Alayan, S., Rohde, A., & Dhouhib, S. (2012). The Political of Education Reform in the Middle East : Self and Other in Textbook and Curricula. New York: Berghan Books. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qcz22
al-Rasheed, M., & Alaodh, A. (2020, Oktober 1). It's time for democratic change in Saudi Arabia. the Washington Post: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/09/29/its-time-democratic-change-saudi-arabia/
Altan-Olcay, O. (2008). Defining America form a distance : Local Strategies of the Global in the Middle East. Middle Eastern Studies, 44(1), 29 - 52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00263200701711796
Anderson, L. (2011, Maret 27). How Egypt's Revolution Looked From the American University in Cairo. (J. Miller, Pewawancara) https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/03/how-egypts-revolution-looked-from-the-american-university-in-cairo/73059/
Archibugi, D. (2004). Cosmopolitan Democracy and its Critics : A Review. European Journal of International Relations, 10(3), 437 - 473. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066104045543
Bagis, B., & Yurtseven, C. (2017). Turkey and the OIC : Greater Economic Cooperation, Opportunities and Challanges. Center for Strategic Research (SAM). https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/84049/1/MPRA_paper_84049.pdf
Bechev, D. (2022, Februari 2). Carnegie Europe. Turkey Under Erdogan : How Country Turned from Democracy and the West: https://carnegieeurope.eu/2022/02/22/turkey-under-erdo-how-country-turned-from-democracy-and-west-pub-86045
Caney, S. (2013). Cosmopolitanism, Democracy and Distributive Justice. Canadian Journal of Philophy, 31, 29 - 63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2005.10716849
Delanty, G. (2011). Cultural Diversitym Democracy and the Prospects of Cosmopolitanisme : a Theory of Cultural Encounters. The British Journal of Sociology 2011 Volume 62 Issue 4, 62(4), 632 - 656. doi:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2011.01384.x.
Delanty, G. (2014). The Prospect of Cosmopolitanism and the Possibility of Global Justice. Journal of Sociology, 50(2), 213 - 228. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783313508478
DJ, Y. (2018). Negara Hukum yang Demokratis Menurut Konstitusi (Undang - Undang Dasar Tahun 1945). MENARA Ilmu, 12(1), 193 - 200. doi:https://doi.org/10.33559/mi.v12i1.502
Egypt Independent. (2021, Juni 3). Number of Egyptian students in the US increases 76% in 10 years: Erudera. Egypt Independent: https://cloudflare.egyptindependent.com/number-of-egyptian-students-in-the-us-increases-76-in-10-years-erudera/
Farahani, H. Z., & Eid, R. (2015). Muslim World : A Study of Tourism & Pilgrimage Among OIC Member States. Tourism Management Perperspectives, 19, 144-149. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2015.12.009
Freedom House. (2021). Freedom in the World 2021: https://freedomhouse.org/country/turkey/freedom-world/2021
Gainous, J., & Wagner, K. (2014). MENA and the internet : technology and the democratic divide. ThinkIR : The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository, 2 - 26. https://ir.library.louisville.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&context=faculty
Guessoum, N., & Osama, A. (2015). Revive Universities of the Muslim World. Nature, 526, 634 - 636. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/526634a
Gunadha, R. (2020, September 24). Perjuangkan Demokrasi, Pemberontak Arab Saudi Bentuk Partai Oposisi. suara.com: https://www.suara.com/news/2020/09/24/185946/perjuangkan-demokrasi-pemberontak-arab-saudi-bentuk-partai-oposisi?page=2
Held, D. (2009). Restructuring Global Governance : Cosmopolitanism, Dmeocracy and the Global Order. Millennium Journal of International Studies, Vol 37 No 3, 37(3), 535 - 547. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829809103231
Heywood, A. (2014). Politik Global, Edisi Kedua. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Hofheinz, A. (2005). The Internet in the Arab World: Playground for Political Liberalization. IPG, 78 - 96. https://www.fes.de/ipg/IPG3_2005/07HOFHEINZ.PDF
Horowitz, J. M., Simmons, K., Paushter, J., & Barker, C. (2012). Most Muslims Want Democracy, Personal Freedoms and Islam in Political Life. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2012/07/10/most-muslims-want-democracy-personal-freedoms-and-islam-in-political-life/
Hubbard, B. (2017, Oktober 7). Once Shunned as Drivers, Saudi Women Fought Ban Now Celebrate. New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/07/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-women-driving-ban.html
Ihsanoglu, E. (2010, September 30). The OIC on Democracy and Human Rights. (T. Johnson, Pewawancara) https://www.cfr.org/interview/oic-democracy-and-human-rights
Izan, M., & Zain, M. (2019). FREEDOM AND SELF-GOVERNANCE IN ISLAMIC DISCOURSE ON DEMOCRACY. International Journal of West Asian Studies, 11(1), 19-26. http://journalarticle.ukm.my/17087/1/36885-116348-1-SM%20%281%29.pdf
Khaldun, A.-A. A. (2001). Muqaddimah Ibnu Khaldun. 2019: Pustaka al-Kautsar.
Kucukaycy, E. A. (2019). Saudi Arabia under Muhammed Bin Salman: Crisis, Reform, or Stagnation? Istanbul: TRT World Research Centre. https://researchcentre.trtworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Saudi-Arabia-Crisis-Reform-Stagnation.pdf
Kumar, S., & Mohd. Jan, J. (2013). Research Collaboration Networks of Two OIC Nations : Comparative Study Between Turkey and Malaysia in the Field of Energy Fuels, 2009-2011. Scientomentric, 98, 387-414. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-013-1059-8
Kuru, A. T. (2021). The Ulema-State Alliance : A Barrier to Democracy and Development in The Muslim World. Tony Blair Institute fo Global Change. https://www.institute.global/insights/geopolitics-and-security/ulema-state-alliance-barrier-democracy-and-development-muslim-world
Mady, a.-F. (2016). Students and Democratization in Egypt. Wison Center : Middle East Program, 1 - 5. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED612957.pdf
McGrew, A. (2008). Globalization and Global Politic. Dalam S. S. John Baylis, The Globalization of World Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
Nasrullah, N. (2020, Maret 5). Akankah Negara-Negara Islam Beradaptasi dengan Demokrasi? REPUBLIKA.co.id: https://republika.co.id/berita/q6ojlm320/akankah-negaranegara-islam-beradaptasi-dengan-demokrasi
Neuman, W. L. (2014). Social Research Methods : Qualitative and Quantitave Approaches. Pearson: ASA.
OIC. (2016). The OIC - 2025 Programme of Action. Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): https://www.sesric.org/files/oic-2025-programme-of-action.pdf
OIC. (2018). Seventh Islamic Ministerial Conference on Women’s Role in Driving Development for the OIC Member States. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: OIC. https://www.oic-oci.org/docdown/?docID=4425&refID=1249
OIC. (2020, Oktober 23). Twitter: https://twitter.com/oic_oci/status/1319633192756850689?lang=en
OIC. (2020). Resolutions on Muslim Communities and Muslim Minorities in the Non-OIC Member States. Organisations Islamic Cooperations: https://www.oic-oci.org/docdown/?docID=6631&refID=3255
OIC. (2022). Fourteenth OIC Report on Islamophobia December 2020 - January 2022. Islamabad: OIC. https://www.oic-oci.org/upload/islamophobia/2022/14th_Annual_Report_on_Islamophobia_March_2022_r2.pdf
OIC. (t.thn.). History. Dipetik Maret 28, 2022, dari Organization of Islamic Cooperation: https://www.oic-oci.org/page/?p_id=52&p_ref=26&lan=en
Putri, G. E. (2018). Upaya Arab Saudi terhadap Organisasi Kerja Sama Islam dalam Menyelesaikan Konflik Iran dan Arab Saudi Tahun 2013 - 2018. Dauliyah Journal, 3(2), 249 - 283. doi: https://doi.org/10.21111/dauliyah.v3i2.2504
Rangkuti, A. (2018). Demokrasi dalam Pandangan Islam dan Barat. Jurnal Ilmiah Penegakan Hukum, 5(2), 49-59. doi:10.31289/jiph.v5i2.2191
Rasheed, M. a. (2020, September 25). A Vision for Democratic Saudi Arabia free from the house of Saud. Dipetik April 13, 2022, dari Middle East Eye: https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/future-saudi-arabia-should-not-be-left-hands-house-saud
Roy, O. (t.thn.). Islam : the Democracy Dilemma. Wilson Center: https://www.wilsoncenter.org/islam-the-democracy-dilemma-0
Rumnan, M. A. (2018). Islamic Movement Studies : A Position Estimate. Dalam M. A. Rumnan, The Prospect of Political Islam in a Trouble Region : Islamist and Post-Arab Spring Challanges (hal. 15 - 28). Amman: Friedrich-Erbert-Stiftung Jordan & Iraq. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/amman/14224.pdf
Rupp, R. (2009). Higher Education in the Middle East : Opportunities and Challanges for U.S Universities and Middle East Partners. Global Media Journal. https://www.globalmediajournal.com/open-access/higher-education-in-the-middle-eastopportunities-and-challenges-for-us-universities-and-middle-east-partners.php?aid=35190
Slesman, L., Baharumshah, A. Z., & Ra'ess, W. (2015). Institutional Infrastructure and Economic Growth in Member Countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). Economic Modelling, 21, 214 - 226. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2015.08.008
Published
2025-08-05
How to Cite
Sabda Ningsih. (2025). ORGANISASI KERJA SAMA ISLAM (OKI) SEBAGAI ENTITAS KOSMOPOLITAN DEMOKRATIK: ANALISIS DINAMIKA INTERNAL DAN TANTANGAN STRUKTURAL . Indonesian Journal of International Relations, 9(2), 349-369. https://doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v9i2.682
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