KEAMANAN MANUSIA DAN EKOLOGI POLITIK DALAM PERTAMBANGAN KOBALT DI REPUBLIK DEMOKRATIK KONGO
Keywords:
cobalt, Democratic Republic of Congo, energy transition, human security, labor exploitation, political ecology
Abstract
This study analyzes human security and political ecology issues in cobalt mining practices in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), a central hub in the global green energy supply chain. Employing a qualitative case study approach with content analysis, this research utilizes the UNDP's Human Security concept and Paul Robbins' Political Ecology framework as its theoretical lens. Findings reveal that mine workers, including women and children, operate under inhumane conditions without adequate legal protection. Such exploitation reflects the unequal power relations between global actors and local communities within the mineral supply chain. This study concludes that energy sustainability cannot be separated from principles of social and ecological justice, advocating for more ethical and accountable global mineral supply chain governance
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References
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Utama, D., Rosyidin, M., & Wahyudi, F. E. (2022). Di Balik Keterbelakangan Kongo: Pengaruh Huayou Cobalt dalam KerjasamaPertambangan Kongo dan Tiongkok. Journal of International Relations, 8(4), 1001–1017.
Wahyuni, F. R. F. M. W. S. J. L. H. S., Jonata, E. M., Hasanah, I. M. N., Maharani, A., Nuryami, K. A. R. N., & Waris, L. (2022). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. In Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. In PT. GLOBAL EKSEKUTIF TEKNOLOGI (Issue March).
Anderson, P. (2023). Cobalt and Corruption: The Influence of Multinational Firms and Foreign States on the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Journal for Global Business and Community, 14(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.56020/001c.72664
Asmindra, A. (2020). BIOENERGI “ PENGEMBANGAN ENERGI TERBARUKAN SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF UNTUK MASA DEPAN ” Dosen Pengampu : Nazarudin , Ph . P Di Susun Oleh : Angra Asmindra P.
Auffredou, M. (2022). Cobalt Mining in The Democratic Republic of The Congo: Colonialism, Sustainable Development, and Environmental Justice in Energy Transitions. December, 1–63.
Calvão, F., Mcdonald, C. E. A., & Bolay, M. (2021). Cobalt mining and the corporate outsourcing of responsibility in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Extractive Industries and Society, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2021.02.004
Camarillo, I., & Stevens, S. (2019). The Deadly Cost of Cobalt Mining in The Congo. October, 1–22. https://www.ajmc.com/view/the-deadly-costs-of-insulin
Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (Third Edition). In SAGE Publication.Inc. (Issue January 2009). http://apps.who.int/bookorders.
Elvianti, W., & Prakasita, D. G. (2021). Pelanggaran HAM dalam Kerjasama Eksplorasi Mineral antara Konsorsium Perusahaan China dan Pemerintah Kongo. Jurnal HAM, 12(2), 325. https://doi.org/10.30641/ham.2021.12.325-348
Fatimah, A. I., Nurikhtiar, A., & Annisa, N. (2023). Permasalahan Ham Dalam Percepatan Teknologi Lingkungan Di Kongo. Jurnal Pena Wimaya, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.31315/jpw.v3i1.8381
Ferdiansyah, D., Wardana, D. S., Aguspiana, S., Rizkyawan, Y., & Parapat, R. Y. (2025). NANOSTRUKTUR DALAM BATERAI LITHIUM : INOVASI DAN ARAH MASA DEPAN. Jurnal Ilmiah Sain Dan Teknologi, 3, 153–168.
International, A. (20017). Time to recharge. Amnesty International, 1–108, 38–41.
Isnandar, N. N. (2024). Kacamata Gramsci dalam Eksploitasi dan Child Labour di Republik Demokratik Kongo : Kasus Pertambangan Kobalt. August.
Labor, U. S. D. of. (2023). Forced Labor in Cobalt Mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Final Report United States Department of Labor.
Ojewale, B. O., & Coordinator, O. (2025). Rampant cobalt smuggling and corruption deny billions to DRC The country ’ s extractive reform strategy doesn ’ t address the. 1–4.
Pratama, I. K. P., Ratih, P., Dewi, K., Titah, P., & Resen, K. (2024). Hambatan Dalam Upaya Eliminasi Pekerja Anak Di Tambang Artisanal Kobalt Republik Demokratik Kongo ( 2014-2019 ). 4(2), 106–120.
Prause, L. (2020). Chapter 10 - Conflicts related to resources: The case of cobalt mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In The Material Basis of Energy Transitions. Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819534-5.00010-6
Prize, P. P. M. (2020). The Political Economy of Super-Exploitation in Congolese Mineral Mining. https://www.magd.cam.ac.uk/system/files/2020-08/the_political_economy_of_super-exploitation_in_congolese_mineral_mining_-_peter_peckard_prize_2020_-_owen_dowling.pdf
Robbins, P. (2012). Political Ecology: A Critical Introduction, 2nd Edition (Critical Introductions to Geography). In John Wiley & Sons Ltd. http://scioteca.caf.com/bitstream/handle/123456789/1091/RED2017-Eng-8ene.pdf?sequence=12&isAllowed=y%0Ahttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2008.06.005%0Ahttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/305320484_SISTEM_PEMBETUNGAN_TERPUSAT_STRATEGI_MELESTARI
Schleich, K. (2024). Unveiling the Dark Side of Innovation: Sustainability, Cobalt Mining, and Modern-Day Slavery. SMU Science and Technology Law Review, 27(1), 135. https://doi.org/10.25172/smustlr.27.1.8
Simpson, D. (2024). From Tenke to Texas : the political ecology of cobalt mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Sovacool, B. K. (2019). The precarious political economy of cobalt: Balancing prosperity, poverty, and brutality in artisanal and industrial mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Extractive Industries and Society, 6(3), 915–939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2019.05.018
United Nations Development Programme. (1994). Human Development Report: New Dimension Of Human Security (1994). In United Nations Development Programme 1994. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/255/hdr_1994_en_complete_nostats.pdf
Utama, D., Rosyidin, M., & Wahyudi, F. E. (2022). Di Balik Keterbelakangan Kongo: Pengaruh Huayou Cobalt dalam KerjasamaPertambangan Kongo dan Tiongkok. Journal of International Relations, 8(4), 1001–1017.
Wahyuni, F. R. F. M. W. S. J. L. H. S., Jonata, E. M., Hasanah, I. M. N., Maharani, A., Nuryami, K. A. R. N., & Waris, L. (2022). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. In Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. In PT. GLOBAL EKSEKUTIF TEKNOLOGI (Issue March).
Published
2025-08-05
How to Cite
Karimah, H., Fadza , M. R. F., & Indana, N. S. (2025). KEAMANAN MANUSIA DAN EKOLOGI POLITIK DALAM PERTAMBANGAN KOBALT DI REPUBLIK DEMOKRATIK KONGO. Indonesian Journal of International Relations, 9(2), 305-324. https://doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v9i2.685
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