BEYOND IDEOLOGY: AN EXPLORATORY CASE STUDY OF WOMEN’S DISENGAGEMENT PATHWAYS FROM TRANSNATIONAL TERRORIST NETWORKS IN INDONESIA
Keywords:
disengagement, women, terrorism
Abstract
This study analyses factors influencing the disengagement of Indonesian women from transnational ISIS-affiliated networks. Utilizing the Attitudes-Behaviors Corrective (ABC) Model and gendered push-pull theory, this study presents a qualitative case study of three former ISIS sympathizers through semi-structured interviews. The research identifies three disengagement pathways: (1) relation-ideology disengagement through a partner with shared experiences; (2) behavioral disengagement via vocational training in prison and humane treatment from officers; and (3) religious interpretation disengagement through self-directed pragmatic accommodation. Findings show that women's disengagement is more relationally and practically oriented rather than rooted in organizational or ideological motivations, highlighting that their departure from these networks is not solely ideology-driven.
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References
Altier, M. B., Thoroughgood, C. N., & Horgan, J. G. (2014). Turning Away from Terrorism: Lessons from Psychology, Sociology, and Criminology. Journal of Peace Research, 51(5), 647-661.
ASEAN. (2012). The ASEAN-Japan Joint Declaration For Cooperation to Combat Terrorism and Transnational Crime.
Bigio, J., & Vogelstein, R. (2025). Council on Foreign Relations Report Part Title: Front Matter Report Title: How Women’s Participation in Conflict Prevention and Resolution Advances.
Bjørgo, T., & Horgan, J. (2009). Leaving Terrorism Behind: Individual and Collective Disengagement (1st ed.). Routledge.
Bloom, M. (2011). Bombshell: Women and Terrorism. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
Brown, K. E. (2013). Gender and counter-Radicalization: Women and Emerging Counter-Terror Measures. In Margaret L., Satterthwaite, & J. Huckerby (Eds.), Gender, National Security, and Counter-Terrorism (1st ed.). Routledge.
Brown, K. E., & Davies, S. E. (2020). . Gender, Masculinity, and Counter-Terrorism: Gendering Deradicalization in Yemen. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 22(5), 652–676.
Brown, K. E., Davies, S. , & Mahmood, S. (2023). Gender Mainstreaming in Counter-Terrorism and Countering Violent Extremism: A comparative Analysis of international policies. International Affairs, 99(2), 687–706.
Bunn, M., Christopher, E., Polutnik-Smith, C., McCoy, J., Hanneke, R., King, M., Ellis, B. H., Cardeli, E., & Weine, S. (2024). Rehabilitation and Reintegration of Women and Children Returning from Violent Extremist Contexts: A Rapid Review to Inform Program and Policy Development. Terrorism and Political Violence, 36(4), 455–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2169143.
Chowdhury Fink, N., Barakat, R., & Shetret, L. (2013). The Roles of Women in Terrorism, Conflict, and Violent Extremism Lessons for the United Nations and International Actors Policy Brief. www.globalct.org.
Christodoulou, A., & Christidis, P. (2020). . Bridges Across Borders: A Clustering Approach to Support EU Regional Policy. Journal of Transport Geography, 83(May 2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102666.
Cook, J., & Vale, G. (2018). From Daesh to “Diaspora”: Tracing the Women and Minors of Islamic State. www.icsr.info.
Davis, J., West, L., & Amarasingam, A. (2021). Terrorism Research Initiative Measuring Impact, Uncovering Bias? Citation Analysis of Literature on Women in Terrorism. Source: Perspectives on Terrorism, 15(2), 58–76. https://doi.org/10.2307/27007296.
Demant, F., Slootman, M., Buijs, F., & Tillie, J. (2008). Decline and Disengagement An Analysis of Processes of Deradicalisation IMES Reports Series IMES Amsterdam. www.imes.uva.nl.
Dewi, M. A. (2023). The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and the Spread of Women’s Terrorism in Indonesia. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Democracy and Social Transformation (ICON-DEMOST 2023), 183–187. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-174-6_31.
Fink, N. C., Zeiger, S., & Bhulai, R. (2016). A Man’s World? Exploring the Roles of Women in Counter Terrorism and Violent Extremism edited by.
Gentry, C. E. (2020). Disordered Violence: How Gender, Race and Heteronormativity Structure Terrorism. Edinburgh University Press.
Gentry, C. E. (2022). Misogynistic terrorism: it has always been here. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 15(1), 209–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2022.2031131.
Hegghammer, T. (2013). Should I Stay or Should I Go? Explaining Variation in Western Jihadists’ Choice between Domestic and Foreign Fighting . The American Political Science Review, 107(1), 1–15.
Horgan, J. G. (2009). Walking Away from Terrorism Accounts of Disengagement from Radical and Extremist Movements (1st ed.). Routledge.
Hwang, J. C. (2017). The Disengagement of Indonesian Jihadists: Understanding the Pathways. Terrorism and Political Violence, 29(2), 277–295.
Hwang, J. C., & Schulze, K. E. (2018). Why They Join: Pathways into Indonesian Jihadist Organizations. Terrorism and Political Violence, 30(6), 911–932.
Informant 1. (2024). Personal interview.
Informant 2. (2024). Personal Interview.
Informant 3. (2023). Personal Interview.
Institute for Policy Analysis of Conflict (IPAC). (2016). The evolution of ISIS in Indonesia. IPAC Report No. 13.
Jones, S. G. (2021). The Evolution of the Salafi-Jihadist Threat: Current and Future Challenges from the Islamic State, Al-Qaeda, and Other Groups. .
Khalil, J., Horgan, J., & Zeuthen, M. (2022). The Attitudes-Behaviors Corrective (ABC) Model of Violent Extremism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 34(3), 425–450.
Leede, S. DE, Haupfleisch, R., Korolkova, K., & Natter, M. (2017). Directorate General for Internal Policies Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs Radicalization and violent Extremism-Focus on Women: How Women Become Radicalised, and How to Empower Them to Prevent Radicalization Study.
NATO. (2025). Countering terrorism.
Neumann, P. R. (2015). Foreign Fighter Total in Syria/Iraq Now Exceeds 20,000; Surpasses Afghanistan Conflict in the 1980s.
Ortbals, C. D., & Poloni-Staudinger, L. M. (2013). Terrorism and Violent Conflict: Women’s Agency, Leadership, and Responses. Springer.
Pearson, E., Winterbotham, E., & Brown, K. (2020). Countering Violent Extremism: Making Gender Matter. Palgrave Macmillan.
Peresin, A. ., & Cervone, A. (2015). The Western Muhajirat of ISIS. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38(7), 495–509.
Saltman, E. M., & Smith, M. (2015). ‘Till martyrdom Do Us Part’: Gender and The ISIS Phenomenon.
Schmidt, R. (2022). Duped: Examining Gender Stereotypes in Disengagement and Deradicalization Practices. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 45(11), 953–976. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1711586.
Sjoberg, L. (2018). Women and War: Power and Protection in the 21st Century. . Georgetown University Press.
Sjoberg, L., & Gentry, C. E. (2016). It’s Complicated: Looking Closely at Women in Violent Extremism . Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 17(2), 23–30.
Speckhard, A., & Yayla, A. S. (2015). Eyewitness Accounts from Recent Defectors from Islamic State: Why They Joined, What They Saw, Why They Quit. In Source: Perspectives on Terrorism (Vol. 9, Issue 6). https://www.jstor.org/stable/26297465.
Suryakusuma, J. (2024). Gender Dynamics in Indonesian Countering Violent Extremism Strategies . Journal of Southeast Asian Security Studies, 12(3), 211–229.
Syauqillah, M. (2023). Intelligence Strategy on Deradicalization Program to Prevent Acts of Terrorism by Ex-Napiter Network of JAD Group. International Journal of Social Service and Research, 3(4), 1025–1032.
UN Women. (2022a). Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme dan UN Women menyelenggarakan dialog tentang Penyusunan Kebijakan yang Responsif Gender untuk Menanggulangi Ekstremisme di Indonesia.
UN Women. (2022b). Strengthening Women’s Networks for Altier, M. B., Thoroughgood, C. N., & Horgan, J. G. (2014). Turning Away from Terrorism: Lessons from Psychology, Sociology, and Criminology. Journal of Peace Research, 51(5), 647-661.
ASEAN. (2012). The ASEAN-Japan Joint Declaration For Cooperation to Combat Terrorism and Transnational Crime.
Bigio, J., & Vogelstein, R. (2025). Council on Foreign Relations Report Part Title: Front Matter Report Title: How Women’s Participation in Conflict Prevention and Resolution Advances.
Bjørgo, T., & Horgan, J. (2009). Leaving Terrorism Behind: Individual and Collective Disengagement (1st ed.). Routledge.
Bloom, M. (2011). Bombshell: Women and Terrorism. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
Brown, K. E. (2013). Gender and counter-Radicalization: Women and Emerging Counter-Terror Measures. In Margaret L., Satterthwaite, & J. Huckerby (Eds.), Gender, National Security, and Counter-Terrorism (1st ed.). Routledge.
Brown, K. E., & Davies, S. E. (2020). . Gender, Masculinity, and Counter-Terrorism: Gendering Deradicalization in Yemen. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 22(5), 652–676.
Brown, K. E., Davies, S. , & Mahmood, S. (2023). Gender Mainstreaming in Counter-Terrorism and Countering Violent Extremism: A comparative Analysis of international policies. International Affairs, 99(2), 687–706.
Bunn, M., Christopher, E., Polutnik-Smith, C., McCoy, J., Hanneke, R., King, M., Ellis, B. H., Cardeli, E., & Weine, S. (2024). Rehabilitation and Reintegration of Women and Children Returning from Violent Extremist Contexts: A Rapid Review to Inform Program and Policy Development. Terrorism and Political Violence, 36(4), 455–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2169143.
Chowdhury Fink, N., Barakat, R., & Shetret, L. (2013). The Roles of Women in Terrorism, Conflict, and Violent Extremism Lessons for the United Nations and International Actors Policy Brief. www.globalct.org.
Christodoulou, A., & Christidis, P. (2020). . Bridges Across Borders: A Clustering Approach to Support EU Regional Policy. Journal of Transport Geography, 83(May 2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102666.
Cook, J., & Vale, G. (2018). From Daesh to “Diaspora”: Tracing the Women and Minors of Islamic State. www.icsr.info.
Davis, J., West, L., & Amarasingam, A. (2021). Terrorism Research Initiative Measuring Impact, Uncovering Bias? Citation Analysis of Literature on Women in Terrorism. Source: Perspectives on Terrorism, 15(2), 58–76. https://doi.org/10.2307/27007296.
Demant, F., Slootman, M., Buijs, F., & Tillie, J. (2008). Decline and Disengagement An Analysis of Processes of Deradicalisation IMES Reports Series IMES Amsterdam. www.imes.uva.nl.
Dewi, M. A. (2023). The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and the Spread of Women’s Terrorism in Indonesia. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Democracy and Social Transformation (ICON-DEMOST 2023), 183–187. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-174-6_31.
Fink, N. C., Zeiger, S., & Bhulai, R. (2016). A Man’s World? Exploring the Roles of Women in Counter Terrorism and Violent Extremism edited by.
Gentry, C. E. (2020). Disordered Violence: How Gender, Race and Heteronormativity Structure Terrorism. Edinburgh University Press.
Gentry, C. E. (2022). Misogynistic terrorism: it has always been here. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 15(1), 209–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2022.2031131.
Hegghammer, T. (2013). Should I Stay or Should I Go? Explaining Variation in Western Jihadists’ Choice between Domestic and Foreign Fighting . The American Political Science Review, 107(1), 1–15.
Horgan, J. G. (2009). Walking Away from Terrorism Accounts of Disengagement from Radical and Extremist Movements (1st ed.). Routledge.
Hwang, J. C. (2017). The Disengagement of Indonesian Jihadists: Understanding the Pathways. Terrorism and Political Violence, 29(2), 277–295.
Hwang, J. C., & Schulze, K. E. (2018). Why They Join: Pathways into Indonesian Jihadist Organizations. Terrorism and Political Violence, 30(6), 911–932.
Informant 1. (2024). Personal interview.
Informant 2. (2024). Personal Interview.
Informant 3. (2023). Personal Interview.
Institute for Policy Analysis of Conflict (IPAC). (2016). The evolution of ISIS in Indonesia. IPAC Report No. 13.
Jones, S. G. (2021). The Evolution of the Salafi-Jihadist Threat: Current and Future Challenges from the Islamic State, Al-Qaeda, and Other Groups. .
Khalil, J., Horgan, J., & Zeuthen, M. (2022). The Attitudes-Behaviors Corrective (ABC) Model of Violent Extremism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 34(3), 425–450.
Leede, S. DE, Haupfleisch, R., Korolkova, K., & Natter, M. (2017). Directorate General for Internal Policies Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs Radicalization and violent Extremism-Focus on Women: How Women Become Radicalised, and How to Empower Them to Prevent Radicalization Study.
NATO. (2025). Countering terrorism.
Neumann, P. R. (2015). Foreign Fighter Total in Syria/Iraq Now Exceeds 20,000; Surpasses Afghanistan Conflict in the 1980s.
Ortbals, C. D., & Poloni-Staudinger, L. M. (2013). Terrorism and Violent Conflict: Women’s Agency, Leadership, and Responses. Springer.
Pearson, E., Winterbotham, E., & Brown, K. (2020). Countering Violent Extremism: Making Gender Matter. Palgrave Macmillan.
Peresin, A. ., & Cervone, A. (2015). The Western Muhajirat of ISIS. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38(7), 495–509.
Saltman, E. M., & Smith, M. (2015). ‘Till martyrdom Do Us Part’: Gender and The ISIS Phenomenon.
Schmidt, R. (2022). Duped: Examining Gender Stereotypes in Disengagement and Deradicalization Practices. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 45(11), 953–976. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1711586.
Sjoberg, L. (2018). Women and War: Power and Protection in the 21st Century. . Georgetown University Press.
Sjoberg, L., & Gentry, C. E. (2016). It’s Complicated: Looking Closely at Women in Violent Extremism . Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 17(2), 23–30.
Speckhard, A., & Yayla, A. S. (2015). Eyewitness Accounts from Recent Defectors from Islamic State: Why They Joined, What They Saw, Why They Quit. In Source: Perspectives on Terrorism (Vol. 9, Issue 6). https://www.jstor.org/stable/26297465.
Suryakusuma, J. (2024). Gender Dynamics in Indonesian Countering Violent Extremism Strategies . Journal of Southeast Asian Security Studies, 12(3), 211–229.
Syauqillah, M. (2023). Intelligence Strategy on Deradicalization Program to Prevent Acts of Terrorism by Ex-Napiter Network of JAD Group. International Journal of Social Service and Research, 3(4), 1025–1032.
UN Women. (2022a). Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme dan UN Women menyelenggarakan dialog tentang Penyusunan Kebijakan yang Responsif Gender untuk Menanggulangi Ekstremisme di Indonesia.
UN Women. (2022b). Strengthening Women’s Networks for Preventing Violent Extremism in Indonesia: Progress Report 2021-2022.
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ASEAN. (2012). The ASEAN-Japan Joint Declaration For Cooperation to Combat Terrorism and Transnational Crime.
Bigio, J., & Vogelstein, R. (2025). Council on Foreign Relations Report Part Title: Front Matter Report Title: How Women’s Participation in Conflict Prevention and Resolution Advances.
Bjørgo, T., & Horgan, J. (2009). Leaving Terrorism Behind: Individual and Collective Disengagement (1st ed.). Routledge.
Bloom, M. (2011). Bombshell: Women and Terrorism. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
Brown, K. E. (2013). Gender and counter-Radicalization: Women and Emerging Counter-Terror Measures. In Margaret L., Satterthwaite, & J. Huckerby (Eds.), Gender, National Security, and Counter-Terrorism (1st ed.). Routledge.
Brown, K. E., & Davies, S. E. (2020). . Gender, Masculinity, and Counter-Terrorism: Gendering Deradicalization in Yemen. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 22(5), 652–676.
Brown, K. E., Davies, S. , & Mahmood, S. (2023). Gender Mainstreaming in Counter-Terrorism and Countering Violent Extremism: A comparative Analysis of international policies. International Affairs, 99(2), 687–706.
Bunn, M., Christopher, E., Polutnik-Smith, C., McCoy, J., Hanneke, R., King, M., Ellis, B. H., Cardeli, E., & Weine, S. (2024). Rehabilitation and Reintegration of Women and Children Returning from Violent Extremist Contexts: A Rapid Review to Inform Program and Policy Development. Terrorism and Political Violence, 36(4), 455–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2169143.
Chowdhury Fink, N., Barakat, R., & Shetret, L. (2013). The Roles of Women in Terrorism, Conflict, and Violent Extremism Lessons for the United Nations and International Actors Policy Brief. www.globalct.org.
Christodoulou, A., & Christidis, P. (2020). . Bridges Across Borders: A Clustering Approach to Support EU Regional Policy. Journal of Transport Geography, 83(May 2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102666.
Cook, J., & Vale, G. (2018). From Daesh to “Diaspora”: Tracing the Women and Minors of Islamic State. www.icsr.info.
Davis, J., West, L., & Amarasingam, A. (2021). Terrorism Research Initiative Measuring Impact, Uncovering Bias? Citation Analysis of Literature on Women in Terrorism. Source: Perspectives on Terrorism, 15(2), 58–76. https://doi.org/10.2307/27007296.
Demant, F., Slootman, M., Buijs, F., & Tillie, J. (2008). Decline and Disengagement An Analysis of Processes of Deradicalisation IMES Reports Series IMES Amsterdam. www.imes.uva.nl.
Dewi, M. A. (2023). The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and the Spread of Women’s Terrorism in Indonesia. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Democracy and Social Transformation (ICON-DEMOST 2023), 183–187. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-174-6_31.
Fink, N. C., Zeiger, S., & Bhulai, R. (2016). A Man’s World? Exploring the Roles of Women in Counter Terrorism and Violent Extremism edited by.
Gentry, C. E. (2020). Disordered Violence: How Gender, Race and Heteronormativity Structure Terrorism. Edinburgh University Press.
Gentry, C. E. (2022). Misogynistic terrorism: it has always been here. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 15(1), 209–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2022.2031131.
Hegghammer, T. (2013). Should I Stay or Should I Go? Explaining Variation in Western Jihadists’ Choice between Domestic and Foreign Fighting . The American Political Science Review, 107(1), 1–15.
Horgan, J. G. (2009). Walking Away from Terrorism Accounts of Disengagement from Radical and Extremist Movements (1st ed.). Routledge.
Hwang, J. C. (2017). The Disengagement of Indonesian Jihadists: Understanding the Pathways. Terrorism and Political Violence, 29(2), 277–295.
Hwang, J. C., & Schulze, K. E. (2018). Why They Join: Pathways into Indonesian Jihadist Organizations. Terrorism and Political Violence, 30(6), 911–932.
Informant 1. (2024). Personal interview.
Informant 2. (2024). Personal Interview.
Informant 3. (2023). Personal Interview.
Institute for Policy Analysis of Conflict (IPAC). (2016). The evolution of ISIS in Indonesia. IPAC Report No. 13.
Jones, S. G. (2021). The Evolution of the Salafi-Jihadist Threat: Current and Future Challenges from the Islamic State, Al-Qaeda, and Other Groups. .
Khalil, J., Horgan, J., & Zeuthen, M. (2022). The Attitudes-Behaviors Corrective (ABC) Model of Violent Extremism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 34(3), 425–450.
Leede, S. DE, Haupfleisch, R., Korolkova, K., & Natter, M. (2017). Directorate General for Internal Policies Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs Radicalization and violent Extremism-Focus on Women: How Women Become Radicalised, and How to Empower Them to Prevent Radicalization Study.
NATO. (2025). Countering terrorism.
Neumann, P. R. (2015). Foreign Fighter Total in Syria/Iraq Now Exceeds 20,000; Surpasses Afghanistan Conflict in the 1980s.
Ortbals, C. D., & Poloni-Staudinger, L. M. (2013). Terrorism and Violent Conflict: Women’s Agency, Leadership, and Responses. Springer.
Pearson, E., Winterbotham, E., & Brown, K. (2020). Countering Violent Extremism: Making Gender Matter. Palgrave Macmillan.
Peresin, A. ., & Cervone, A. (2015). The Western Muhajirat of ISIS. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38(7), 495–509.
Saltman, E. M., & Smith, M. (2015). ‘Till martyrdom Do Us Part’: Gender and The ISIS Phenomenon.
Schmidt, R. (2022). Duped: Examining Gender Stereotypes in Disengagement and Deradicalization Practices. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 45(11), 953–976. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1711586.
Sjoberg, L. (2018). Women and War: Power and Protection in the 21st Century. . Georgetown University Press.
Sjoberg, L., & Gentry, C. E. (2016). It’s Complicated: Looking Closely at Women in Violent Extremism . Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 17(2), 23–30.
Speckhard, A., & Yayla, A. S. (2015). Eyewitness Accounts from Recent Defectors from Islamic State: Why They Joined, What They Saw, Why They Quit. In Source: Perspectives on Terrorism (Vol. 9, Issue 6). https://www.jstor.org/stable/26297465.
Suryakusuma, J. (2024). Gender Dynamics in Indonesian Countering Violent Extremism Strategies . Journal of Southeast Asian Security Studies, 12(3), 211–229.
Syauqillah, M. (2023). Intelligence Strategy on Deradicalization Program to Prevent Acts of Terrorism by Ex-Napiter Network of JAD Group. International Journal of Social Service and Research, 3(4), 1025–1032.
UN Women. (2022a). Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme dan UN Women menyelenggarakan dialog tentang Penyusunan Kebijakan yang Responsif Gender untuk Menanggulangi Ekstremisme di Indonesia.
UN Women. (2022b). Strengthening Women’s Networks for Altier, M. B., Thoroughgood, C. N., & Horgan, J. G. (2014). Turning Away from Terrorism: Lessons from Psychology, Sociology, and Criminology. Journal of Peace Research, 51(5), 647-661.
ASEAN. (2012). The ASEAN-Japan Joint Declaration For Cooperation to Combat Terrorism and Transnational Crime.
Bigio, J., & Vogelstein, R. (2025). Council on Foreign Relations Report Part Title: Front Matter Report Title: How Women’s Participation in Conflict Prevention and Resolution Advances.
Bjørgo, T., & Horgan, J. (2009). Leaving Terrorism Behind: Individual and Collective Disengagement (1st ed.). Routledge.
Bloom, M. (2011). Bombshell: Women and Terrorism. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
Brown, K. E. (2013). Gender and counter-Radicalization: Women and Emerging Counter-Terror Measures. In Margaret L., Satterthwaite, & J. Huckerby (Eds.), Gender, National Security, and Counter-Terrorism (1st ed.). Routledge.
Brown, K. E., & Davies, S. E. (2020). . Gender, Masculinity, and Counter-Terrorism: Gendering Deradicalization in Yemen. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 22(5), 652–676.
Brown, K. E., Davies, S. , & Mahmood, S. (2023). Gender Mainstreaming in Counter-Terrorism and Countering Violent Extremism: A comparative Analysis of international policies. International Affairs, 99(2), 687–706.
Bunn, M., Christopher, E., Polutnik-Smith, C., McCoy, J., Hanneke, R., King, M., Ellis, B. H., Cardeli, E., & Weine, S. (2024). Rehabilitation and Reintegration of Women and Children Returning from Violent Extremist Contexts: A Rapid Review to Inform Program and Policy Development. Terrorism and Political Violence, 36(4), 455–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2169143.
Chowdhury Fink, N., Barakat, R., & Shetret, L. (2013). The Roles of Women in Terrorism, Conflict, and Violent Extremism Lessons for the United Nations and International Actors Policy Brief. www.globalct.org.
Christodoulou, A., & Christidis, P. (2020). . Bridges Across Borders: A Clustering Approach to Support EU Regional Policy. Journal of Transport Geography, 83(May 2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102666.
Cook, J., & Vale, G. (2018). From Daesh to “Diaspora”: Tracing the Women and Minors of Islamic State. www.icsr.info.
Davis, J., West, L., & Amarasingam, A. (2021). Terrorism Research Initiative Measuring Impact, Uncovering Bias? Citation Analysis of Literature on Women in Terrorism. Source: Perspectives on Terrorism, 15(2), 58–76. https://doi.org/10.2307/27007296.
Demant, F., Slootman, M., Buijs, F., & Tillie, J. (2008). Decline and Disengagement An Analysis of Processes of Deradicalisation IMES Reports Series IMES Amsterdam. www.imes.uva.nl.
Dewi, M. A. (2023). The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and the Spread of Women’s Terrorism in Indonesia. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Democracy and Social Transformation (ICON-DEMOST 2023), 183–187. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-174-6_31.
Fink, N. C., Zeiger, S., & Bhulai, R. (2016). A Man’s World? Exploring the Roles of Women in Counter Terrorism and Violent Extremism edited by.
Gentry, C. E. (2020). Disordered Violence: How Gender, Race and Heteronormativity Structure Terrorism. Edinburgh University Press.
Gentry, C. E. (2022). Misogynistic terrorism: it has always been here. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 15(1), 209–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2022.2031131.
Hegghammer, T. (2013). Should I Stay or Should I Go? Explaining Variation in Western Jihadists’ Choice between Domestic and Foreign Fighting . The American Political Science Review, 107(1), 1–15.
Horgan, J. G. (2009). Walking Away from Terrorism Accounts of Disengagement from Radical and Extremist Movements (1st ed.). Routledge.
Hwang, J. C. (2017). The Disengagement of Indonesian Jihadists: Understanding the Pathways. Terrorism and Political Violence, 29(2), 277–295.
Hwang, J. C., & Schulze, K. E. (2018). Why They Join: Pathways into Indonesian Jihadist Organizations. Terrorism and Political Violence, 30(6), 911–932.
Informant 1. (2024). Personal interview.
Informant 2. (2024). Personal Interview.
Informant 3. (2023). Personal Interview.
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Published
2026-02-25
How to Cite
Dewi, M. A., Anggraini, M., Rachmawati, I., & Jayadianti, H. (2026). BEYOND IDEOLOGY: AN EXPLORATORY CASE STUDY OF WOMEN’S DISENGAGEMENT PATHWAYS FROM TRANSNATIONAL TERRORIST NETWORKS IN INDONESIA. Indonesian Journal of International Relations, 10(1), 115-135. https://doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v10i1.845
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Copyright (c) 2026 Machya Astuti Dewi, Melaty Anggraini, Iva Rachmawati, Herlina Jayadianti
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