MAIL ORDER BRIDE DI INDONESIA: ANALISIS PERSPEKTIF FEMINISME LIBERAL
Keywords:
liberal feminism, Indonesia, mail order bride
Abstract
This study aims to examine the practice of mail order bride in Indonesia, a practice that involves the choice of Indonesian women who are below the poverty line. Using qualitative methods with secondary data sources and adopting liberal feminist theory, the findings of the analysis show that women involved in this practice tend to be influenced by economic conditions, patriarchal stigma, and lack of access to education. Despite the Indonesian government's efforts through collaboration with women's protection organizations, the complexity of the challenges faced by Indonesian women indicates the need for more concrete and comprehensive measures. Therefore, in order to confront this practice, the Government of Indonesia needs to strengthen the policies that address the root causes of the poverty line among women involved in mail order bride, and ensure equitable welfare for women across Indonesia.
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References
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Abubakar, M. (n.d.). Kemiskinan : Tantangan Struktural Dan Kultural. Retrieved from Academia: https://www.academia.edu/23071132/Kemiskinan_Tantangan_Struktural_Dan_Kultural
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Amarasthi, N. (2021, November 12). Understanding Patriarchal Culture And Examples In Indonesia. Retrieved from VOI: https://voi.id/en/lifestyle/103783/
Anggraini, Y. (2020). ‘PENGANTIN PESANAN’ SEBAGAI ARENA PERLAWANAN. Jurnal Politik Profetik, 8(1), 1-36.
Arif Alfana, M., Fahrudin, Fauzan A., D., Laksmiasri, W., & Rahmaningtias, A. (Eds.). (2015). DINAMIKA PEMBANGUNAN MANUSIA BERBASIS GENDER DI INDONESIA. Peran Geografi dan Peneliti dalam Menghasilkan Penelitian dan Pengabdian yang Berdayaguna Bagi Masyarakat. Seminar Nasional Geografi Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta 2015. Retrieved from https://osf.io/preprints/inarxiv/v6uey/download
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Botting, E. H. (2017). The early rousseau’s egalitarian feminism: A philosophical convergence with madame dupin and ‘the critique of the spirit of the laws.’ History of European Ideas, 43(7), 732–744. https://doi.org/10.1080/01916599.2017.1314154
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Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. California: SAGE Publications.
Djoharwinarlin, S. (2012, August). The Relationship Between State and Society: Managing Poverty Through Local Wisdom. Journal of Government and Politics August 2012, 3(2). Retrieved from https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/31063-EN-the-relationship-between-state-and-society-managing-poverty-through-local-wisdom.pdf
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Given, L. M. (2008). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods. California: SAGE Publications.
Hagar Kotef. (2009). The Politics of Emodiement. Feminist Studies, 35(3).
Hasan, M., & Azis, M. (2018). PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI & PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT EDISI KEDUA.
Husnah, W. (2022, November). PENGANTIN PESANAN DI DUNIA MAYA SEBAGAI KEJAHATAN TRANSNASIONAL: EKSPLOITASI SEKSUAL DAN UPAYA PENEGAKAN HUKUM. Intermestic: Journal of International Studies, 7(1), 181-206. doi:doi:10.24198/intermestic.v7n1.9
Kementerian Luar Negeri RI. (2019, July). Menlu RI Dorong Penyelesaian Permasalahan Pengantin Pesanan dengan RRT. Retrieved from Ini Diplomasi: https://kemlu.go.id/portal/id/read/498/berita/menlu-ri-dorong%02penyelesaian-permasalahan%02pengantin-pesanan-dengan-rrt
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Khameswara, D. W., & Ardianto, B. (2022). Pengantin Pesanan (Mail-Brides Order): Solusi atau Pelanggaran HAM? Uti Possidetis: Journal of International Law, 3(2), 158-178.
Kusuma, P. (2019, December 5). Survei PISA: Pendidikan Indonesia Enam Terbawah. Retrieved from DW: https://www.dw.com/id/peringkat-6-terbawah-indonesia-diminta-tinggalkan-sistem-pendidikan-feodalistik/a-51541997
Lessy, Z. (2006, Oktober). Pengantin Pesanan Pos (Mail Order Bride): Modus Operandi Human Trafficking di Indonesia. Musawa, 4(3).
McAndrew, F. (2016). Mail-Order Brides. Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 1-4. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_137-1
Meng, E. (1994). Mail-Order Brides: Gilded Prostitution and the Legal Response. The University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 28. https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjlrhttps://repository.law.umich.edu/mjlr/vol28/iss1/6
R. Baehr, A. (2020, December 31). Liberal Feminism. Retrieved June 7, 2023, from https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2021/entries/feminism-liberal/
Ruth Abbey. (2014). The Return of Feminist Liberalism. Routledge.
Robinson, K. (2023, January). Empowering women’s rights in Indonesia. Retrieved June 07, 2023, from EAST ASIA FORUM: https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2023/01/11/empowering-womens-rights-in-indonesia/
Serikat Buruh Migran Indonesia. (2020). Laporan Tahunan 2020: Mengungkap Realita Perempuan Korban Trafiking Pengantin Pesanan. Jakarta Selatan: Serikat Buruh Migran Indonesia (SBMI).
Siscawati, M., Adelina, S., Eveline, R., & Anggriani, S. (2020). Gender Equality and Women Empowerment in The National Development of Indonesia. Journal of Strategic and Global Studies, 2(2), 40-63. doi: 10.7454/jsgs.v2i2.1021
Utama, A. (2020, January). Pengantin pesanan China: Pengakuan para perempuan Indonesia yang masih 'terperangkap' di China. Retrieved June 06, 2023, from BBC News Indonesia: https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-51218024
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Wilk, A. (2017). Oppression or Opportunity: The Selling of Mail-Order Brides. SUNY - Discenting Voices, 6, 99-113. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12648/2740
Wolff, K. (2007). Liberal Feminism. Dalam The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosl040
Yakushko, O., & Rajan, I. (2017). Global Love for Sale: Divergence and Convergence of Human Trafficking with “Mail Order Brides” and International Arranged Marriage Phenomena. Women and Therapy, 40(1–2), 190–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/02703149.2016.1213605
Yoteni, A. A. (2021). Upaya Pemerintah Indonesia Dalam Menangani Kasus Perdagangan Orang: Studi Kasus Pengantin Pesanan (Mail-Order Brides) Indonesia–China. Papua Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, 1(1), 1-14. doi:10.31957/pjdir.v1i1.1669
Zare, B., & Mendoza, S. (2011). ‘Mail-order brides’ in popular culture: Colonialist representations and absent discourse. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 15(4), 365-381. doi:DOI: 10.1177/1367877911419160
Zug, M. (2014). Mail Order Feminism. In Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice (Vol. 21). http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-03.pdf,
Zug, M. A. (2016). 2 The Filles du Roi. In M. A. Zug, Buying a Bride: An Engaging History of Mail-Order Matches (pp. 30-46). New York: NYU Press.
Abubakar, M. (n.d.). Kemiskinan : Tantangan Struktural Dan Kultural. Retrieved from Academia: https://www.academia.edu/23071132/Kemiskinan_Tantangan_Struktural_Dan_Kultural
Afiyah, P. (2022). PERAN KEMENTERIAN LUAR NEGERI DALAM MENYELESAIKAN MASALAH PENGANTIN PESANAN (Mail-Order Bride) DI TIONGKOK [Bachelor Thesis]. Universitas Pasundan.
Amarasthi, N. (2021, November 12). Understanding Patriarchal Culture And Examples In Indonesia. Retrieved from VOI: https://voi.id/en/lifestyle/103783/
Anggraini, Y. (2020). ‘PENGANTIN PESANAN’ SEBAGAI ARENA PERLAWANAN. Jurnal Politik Profetik, 8(1), 1-36.
Arif Alfana, M., Fahrudin, Fauzan A., D., Laksmiasri, W., & Rahmaningtias, A. (Eds.). (2015). DINAMIKA PEMBANGUNAN MANUSIA BERBASIS GENDER DI INDONESIA. Peran Geografi dan Peneliti dalam Menghasilkan Penelitian dan Pengabdian yang Berdayaguna Bagi Masyarakat. Seminar Nasional Geografi Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta 2015. Retrieved from https://osf.io/preprints/inarxiv/v6uey/download
Asosiasi Pendamping Perempuan Usaha Kecil Mikro. (2012, April). Feminisme liberal. Retrieved June 14, 2023, from http://asppuk.or.id/2012/04/26/feminisme-liberal/
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2023, Januari). Persentase Penduduk Miskin September 2022 naik menjadi 9,57 persen. Retrieved June 06, 2023, from Data BPS: https://www.bps.go.id/pressrelease/2023/01/16/2015/persentase-penduduk-miskin-september-2022-naik-menjadi-9-57-persen.html
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2022). Indeks Pembangunan Gender (IPG) 2010-2022. Retrieved June 06, 2023, from https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/40/463/1/indeks-pembangunan-gender-ipg-.html
Botting, E. H. (2017). The early rousseau’s egalitarian feminism: A philosophical convergence with madame dupin and ‘the critique of the spirit of the laws.’ History of European Ideas, 43(7), 732–744. https://doi.org/10.1080/01916599.2017.1314154
Cahyadi, I. R. (2021, November 23). Kesetaraan Gender di Dunia Kerja Masih Jadi Tantangan. Retrieved from Berita Satu: https://www.beritasatu.com/nasional/857709/kesetaraan-gender-di-dunia-kerja-masih-jadi-tantangan
CNN Indonesia. (2019, Oktober 10). RI dan China Belum Sepaham Soal TPPO Modus Pengantin Pesanan. Retrieved from CNN Indonesia: https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20191010200815-106-438549/ri-dan-china-belum-sepaham-soal-tppo-modus-pengantin-pesanan
Collins, P. H. (2000). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empoerment . New York: Routledge
Constable, N. (2006). Brides, maids, and prostitutes: reflections on the study of 'trafficked' women. PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies, 1-25. Retrieved from http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/ojs/index.php/portal
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. California: SAGE Publications.
Djoharwinarlin, S. (2012, August). The Relationship Between State and Society: Managing Poverty Through Local Wisdom. Journal of Government and Politics August 2012, 3(2). Retrieved from https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/31063-EN-the-relationship-between-state-and-society-managing-poverty-through-local-wisdom.pdf
Gani, I. (2021). Poverty of Women and the Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 4(1), 1034-1041. doi:https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v4i1.1710
Given, L. M. (2008). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods. California: SAGE Publications.
Hagar Kotef. (2009). The Politics of Emodiement. Feminist Studies, 35(3).
Hasan, M., & Azis, M. (2018). PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI & PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT EDISI KEDUA.
Husnah, W. (2022, November). PENGANTIN PESANAN DI DUNIA MAYA SEBAGAI KEJAHATAN TRANSNASIONAL: EKSPLOITASI SEKSUAL DAN UPAYA PENEGAKAN HUKUM. Intermestic: Journal of International Studies, 7(1), 181-206. doi:doi:10.24198/intermestic.v7n1.9
Kementerian Luar Negeri RI. (2019, July). Menlu RI Dorong Penyelesaian Permasalahan Pengantin Pesanan dengan RRT. Retrieved from Ini Diplomasi: https://kemlu.go.id/portal/id/read/498/berita/menlu-ri-dorong%02penyelesaian-permasalahan%02pengantin-pesanan-dengan-rrt
Kementerian PPPA. (2022, January). KEMENPPPA PASTIKAN PERLINDUNGAN DAN PEMENUHAN HAK KORBAN TPPO MODUS PENGANTIN PESANAN. Retrieved from Biro Hukum dan Humas Kementerian PPPA: https://www.kemenpppa.go.id/index.php/page/read/29/3677/kemenpppa-pastikan-perlindungan-dan-pemenuhan-hak-korban-tppo-modus-pengantin-pesanan
Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak (Kemen PPPA). (2020). Pembangunan Manusia Berbasis Gender 2020 [Dataset]. Retrieved from https://www.kemenpppa.go.id/lib/uploads/list/50a46-pembangunan-manusia-berbasis-gender-2020.pdf
Khameswara, D. W., & Ardianto, B. (2022). Pengantin Pesanan (Mail-Brides Order): Solusi atau Pelanggaran HAM? Uti Possidetis: Journal of International Law, 3(2), 158-178.
Kusuma, P. (2019, December 5). Survei PISA: Pendidikan Indonesia Enam Terbawah. Retrieved from DW: https://www.dw.com/id/peringkat-6-terbawah-indonesia-diminta-tinggalkan-sistem-pendidikan-feodalistik/a-51541997
Lessy, Z. (2006, Oktober). Pengantin Pesanan Pos (Mail Order Bride): Modus Operandi Human Trafficking di Indonesia. Musawa, 4(3).
McAndrew, F. (2016). Mail-Order Brides. Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 1-4. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_137-1
Meng, E. (1994). Mail-Order Brides: Gilded Prostitution and the Legal Response. The University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 28. https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjlrhttps://repository.law.umich.edu/mjlr/vol28/iss1/6
R. Baehr, A. (2020, December 31). Liberal Feminism. Retrieved June 7, 2023, from https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2021/entries/feminism-liberal/
Ruth Abbey. (2014). The Return of Feminist Liberalism. Routledge.
Robinson, K. (2023, January). Empowering women’s rights in Indonesia. Retrieved June 07, 2023, from EAST ASIA FORUM: https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2023/01/11/empowering-womens-rights-in-indonesia/
Serikat Buruh Migran Indonesia. (2020). Laporan Tahunan 2020: Mengungkap Realita Perempuan Korban Trafiking Pengantin Pesanan. Jakarta Selatan: Serikat Buruh Migran Indonesia (SBMI).
Siscawati, M., Adelina, S., Eveline, R., & Anggriani, S. (2020). Gender Equality and Women Empowerment in The National Development of Indonesia. Journal of Strategic and Global Studies, 2(2), 40-63. doi: 10.7454/jsgs.v2i2.1021
Utama, A. (2020, January). Pengantin pesanan China: Pengakuan para perempuan Indonesia yang masih 'terperangkap' di China. Retrieved June 06, 2023, from BBC News Indonesia: https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-51218024
United Nations Development Programme [UNDP]. (2009). HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2010: The Real Wealth of Nations: Pathways to Human Development. United Nations Development Programme. Palgrave Macmillan. Retrieved from https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/human-development-report-2010-complete-english.human-development-report-2010-complete-english
Wilk, A. (2017). Oppression or Opportunity: The Selling of Mail-Order Brides. SUNY - Discenting Voices, 6, 99-113. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12648/2740
Wolff, K. (2007). Liberal Feminism. Dalam The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosl040
Yakushko, O., & Rajan, I. (2017). Global Love for Sale: Divergence and Convergence of Human Trafficking with “Mail Order Brides” and International Arranged Marriage Phenomena. Women and Therapy, 40(1–2), 190–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/02703149.2016.1213605
Yoteni, A. A. (2021). Upaya Pemerintah Indonesia Dalam Menangani Kasus Perdagangan Orang: Studi Kasus Pengantin Pesanan (Mail-Order Brides) Indonesia–China. Papua Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, 1(1), 1-14. doi:10.31957/pjdir.v1i1.1669
Zare, B., & Mendoza, S. (2011). ‘Mail-order brides’ in popular culture: Colonialist representations and absent discourse. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 15(4), 365-381. doi:DOI: 10.1177/1367877911419160
Zug, M. (2014). Mail Order Feminism. In Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice (Vol. 21). http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-03.pdf,
Zug, M. A. (2016). 2 The Filles du Roi. In M. A. Zug, Buying a Bride: An Engaging History of Mail-Order Matches (pp. 30-46). New York: NYU Press.
Published
2024-02-19
How to Cite
Diva, A. Z., Shafa Khairunisaa, S., Fuza Adelamajid, N. M. C., Nataline Deo, S., & Nuraeni. (2024). MAIL ORDER BRIDE DI INDONESIA: ANALISIS PERSPEKTIF FEMINISME LIBERAL. Indonesian Journal of International Relations, 8(1), 128-154. https://doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v8i1.465
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Articles
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