THE SHIFTING FROM THE MALE GAZE TO THE FEMALE GAZE IN K-POP GIRL GROUPS AS THE IMPACT OF #METOO MOVEMENT IN SOUTH KOREA
Keywords:
#metoo movement, k-pop girl groups, transnational advocacy network, male gaze, female gaze
Abstract
This research analyses the shift from the male gaze to the female gaze in K-pop girl groups impacted by the #MeToo movement in South Korea. The shift is marked by the thriving of women empowerment ideas by girl groups. This research uses the Transnational Advocacy Network (TAN) and postfeminism, examined using qualitative research methodology with secondary and textual analysis. This research finds that the shifting from the male gaze to the female gaze in K-pop girl groups occurred through the shift from objectification to subjectification of women, focusing on individualism, choice, and empowerment, as well as showing irony and knowingness. Therefore, the #MeToo movement has impacted the K-pop industry because the gaze has shifted, and Korean society has started to accept idols supporting women's empowerment and gender equality
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References
Book
Goldman, R. (1992). Reading Ads Socially. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203976944
Book Chapter
Brennen, B. (2017). Textual analysis. In Qualitative research methods for media studies. London Routledge.
Keck, M. E., & Sikkink, K. (1998). Transnational Advocacy Networks in International Politics: Introduction. In Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Cornell University Press.
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Brennen, B. (2017). Textual analysis. In Qualitative research methods for media studies. London Routledge.
Kusumaningrum, A. F., & Suweleh, F. (2019). Female and Male Gaze in Popular Songs: How Women (Really) Love Their Bodies. 14th International Conference on Language, Literature, Culture, and Education (ICLLCE) 2019. They were presented at the 14th International Conference on Language, Literature, Culture and Education & 4th International Mobile Education & Learning Technologies, Kuala Lumpur.
Wang, Z. (2022). Research on Korean Idol-Making Industry Based on Culture Industry Theory. Proceedings of the 2022 6th International Seminar on Education, Management and Social Sciences (ISEMSS 2022). Presented at the 2022 6th International Seminar on Education, Management and Social Sciences (ISEMSS 2022), Chongqing, China. Retrieved from https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/isemss-22/125981870
Yu, X. (2021). Construction of Mutual Gaze: A Review of Studies on Male Gaze, Female Gaze, and Mutual Gaze. Proceedings of the 2021 3rd International Conference on Literature, Art and Human Development (ICLAHD 2021), 594. Atlantis Press.
Image
Yonhap News. (2019). (News Focus) "Gender sensitivity" highlights major #MeToo ruling [Online image]. In Yonhap News Agency. Retrieved from https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20190909006200315
Journal Article
Chang, J. (2020). New Gender Perspectives: Soft Creator and Strong Advocator in the New Korean Wave Era. Asian Women, 36(4), 67–84. https://doi.org/10.14431/aw.2020.12.36.4.67
Dwi, A., & Elvianti, W. (2022). The Role of Hollywood Figures in Propagating Transnational Movement: Case Study of #MeToo in South Korea (2017– 2019). AEGIS, 6(2), 20–44.
Fitri, A., & Kusuma, A. (2021). Girl crush dalam budaya pop Korea (analisis semiotika MV Dalla Dalla dan Wannabe dari Itzy). MEDIALOG: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 4(2), 204–217.
Gill, R. (2007). Postfeminist media culture: Elements of a sensibility. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 10(2).
Hasunuma, L., & Shin, K. (2019). #MeToo in Japan and South Korea: #WeToo, #WithYou. Journal of Women, Politics & Policy, 40(1).
Isabel, H., Rooselinda, A. M. I., Harrianto, J., & Tolosa, M. H. (2022). The Gender Equality Movement in South Korea: The Semiotic Analysis of Blackpink Ddu-du Ddu-du. Calathu: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.37715/calathu.v4i1.2457
Kim, H. M., & Chang, J. (2021). "Sexuality and Public Politics": Temporality of the #MeToo Movement in Contemporary South Korea. Azalea: Journal of Korean Literature & Culture, 14(2021), 243–260. https://doi.org/10.1353/aza.2021.0015
Kim, S., Hwang, S., & Kim, J. (2021). Factors influencing K-pop artists' success on V live online video platform. Telecommunications Policy, 45(3), 102090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2020.102090
Lee, J., & Yi, H. (2020). Ssen-Unni in K-Pop: The Makings of "Strong Sisters" in South Korea. Korea Journal, 60(1).
Lotz, A. D. (2001). Postfeminist Television Criticism: Rehabilitating Critical Terms and Identifying Postfeminist Attributes. Feminist Media Studies, 1(1), 105–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680770120042891
Meilanesia, S. (2021). Dampak gerakan #MeToo di Korea Selatan pada tahun 2018-2020. JOM FISIP, 8(2), 1–15.
Mulvey, L. (1975). Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema. Screen, 16(3), 6–18. Retrieved from https://ia802801.us.archive.org/4/items/visual-pleasure-and-narrative-cinema/Laura-mulvey-visual-pleasure-and-narrative-cinema.pdf
Rahardjo, L. A., Yoanita, D., & Wahjudianata, M. (2019). Representasi posfeminisme dalam video musik “Ddu-Du-Ddu-Du†Blackpink. Jurnal E-Komunikasi, 7(2), 1–8.
Shin, K. (2021). Beyond #WithYou: The New Generation of Feminists and the #MeToo Movement in South Korea. Politics & Gender, 17(3), 507–513. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X2100026X
Yoon, S., & Kim, Y. A. (2020). Cosmetic Surgery and Self-esteem in South Korea: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 44(1), 229–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-019-01515-1
Tweet
TwitterKorea. (2018, December 5). Most Tweeted about Social Issues [Twitter]. Retrieved April 24, 2023, from the Twitter website: https://twitter.com/TwitterKorea/status/1070151123787370498
Websites
Femiwiki. (2022, December 27). MeToo. Retrieved May 5, 2023, from 페미위키 [Femiwiki] website: https://femiwiki.com/w/MeToo#%EB%B0%A9%EC%86%A1
Genius. (2018). BLACKPINK - ëšœë‘ëšœë‘ (DDU-DU DDU-DU) (Romanized). Retrieved from Genius website: https://genius.com/Genius-romanizations-blackpink-ddu-du-ddu-du-romanized-lyrics
Genius. (2021a). Genius Romanizations – Girls’ Generation - Gee (Romanized). Retrieved from Genius website: https://genius.com/Genius-romanizations-girls-generation-gee-romanized-lyrics
Genius. (2021b). S.E.S - I’m Your Girl (Romanized). Retrieved from Genius website: https://genius.com/Genius-romanizations-ses-im-your-girl-romanized-lyrics
Genius. (2022). NewJeans - Ditto (Romanized). Retrieved from Genius website: https://genius.com/Genius-romanizations-newjeans-ditto-romanized-lyrics
Genius. (2023). (G)I-DLE - 퀸카 (Queencard) (Romanized). Retrieved from Genius website: https://genius.com/Genius-romanizations-gi-dle-queencard-romanized-lyrics
Heaton, J. (1998). Social Research Update 22: Secondary analysis of qualitative data. Retrieved May 18, 2023, from Social Research Update website: https://sru.soc.surrey.ac.uk/SRU22.html
Im, E. (2018, March 4). #MeToo followed by #WithYou. The Korea Herald. Retrieved from https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20180304000194
Jumabhoy, F., & Lee, L. (2018, June 1). South Korea: Tough New Sexual Harassment Amendments Enacted. Retrieved May 9, 2023, from Society for Human Resource Management website: https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/legal-and-compliance/employment-law/pages/global-south-korea-metoo.aspx
Kim, S. (2013, October 8). Female Empowerment or Exploitation? | Arts | The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from The Harvard Crimson website: https://www.thecrimson.com/column/k-pop-generation/article/2013/10/8/Female_Empowerment_Exploitation_Kpop/
McDonald, A. (2022, October 17). (G) I-DLE's Soyeon Claps Back At Hate Comments In "Nxde." Retrieved April 4, 2023, from Koreaboo website: https://www.koreaboo.com/news/gi-dle-soyeon-nxde-claps-back-hate-comments/
Park, J. (2022, June 15). Breaking the K-pop taboo: How BTS brings together a global community. Retrieved August 20, 2023, from The Korea Herald website: https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20220615000709
Park, T. K., & Kim, Y. (2019, June 6). How Blackpink, Red Velvet, And More Are Redefining Womanhood In K-pop. Retrieved from MTV website: https://www.mtv.com/news/foz368/k-pop-girl-groups-womanhood-agency
Rozpedowski, J. (2018, November 3). How the hashtag is transforming world politics. Retrieved April 26, 2023, from The Independent website: https://www.independent.co.uk/politics/hashtag-social-media-politics-activism-metoo-sexual-harrassment-rohingya-muslims-a8611506.html
Soompi. (2018, June 29). BLACKPINK Talks About Reason They Chose "DDU-DU DDU-DU" As Title Track, Billboard Success, And More. Retrieved August 20, 2023, from Soompi website: https://www.soompi.com/article/1192719wpp/blackpink-talks-reason-chose-ddu-du-ddu-du-title-track-billboard-success
Telfer, T. (2018, August 2). How Do We Define the Female Gaze in 2018? Retrieved from Vulture website: https://www.vulture.com/2018/08/how-do-we-define-the-female-gaze-in-2018.html
The Hankyoreh. (2018, March 5). [Photo] Hundreds gather in Gwanghwamun Square to support the #MeToo movement. Retrieved April 27, 2023, from Hankyoreh website: http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/834695.html
Yang, H. (2018, February 26). South Korea's Moon urges action against growing #MeToo sex abuse claims. Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN1GA0XT/
Video
(G)I-DLE. (2023). (ì—¬ìž)ì•„ì´ë“¤((G)I-DLE) - "퀸카 (Queencard)" Official Music Video [Music Video]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/7HDeem-JaSY
BLACKPINK. (2018). BLACKPINK - “뚜ë‘ëšœë‘ (DDU-DU DDU-DU)†M/V [Music Video]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/IHNzOHi8sJs
HYBE LABELS. (2022). NewJeans (뉴진스) "Ditto" Official MV (side A) [Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pSUydWEqKwE
SMTOWN. (1997). SES '("Cause) I'm Your Girl" MV [Music Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBge8oUfFwU
SMTOWN. (2009). Girls' Generation 소녀시대 "Gee" MV [Music Video]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/U7mPqycQ0tQ
Goldman, R. (1992). Reading Ads Socially. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203976944
Book Chapter
Brennen, B. (2017). Textual analysis. In Qualitative research methods for media studies. London Routledge.
Keck, M. E., & Sikkink, K. (1998). Transnational Advocacy Networks in International Politics: Introduction. In Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Cornell University Press.
Conference Paper
Brennen, B. (2017). Textual analysis. In Qualitative research methods for media studies. London Routledge.
Kusumaningrum, A. F., & Suweleh, F. (2019). Female and Male Gaze in Popular Songs: How Women (Really) Love Their Bodies. 14th International Conference on Language, Literature, Culture, and Education (ICLLCE) 2019. They were presented at the 14th International Conference on Language, Literature, Culture and Education & 4th International Mobile Education & Learning Technologies, Kuala Lumpur.
Wang, Z. (2022). Research on Korean Idol-Making Industry Based on Culture Industry Theory. Proceedings of the 2022 6th International Seminar on Education, Management and Social Sciences (ISEMSS 2022). Presented at the 2022 6th International Seminar on Education, Management and Social Sciences (ISEMSS 2022), Chongqing, China. Retrieved from https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/isemss-22/125981870
Yu, X. (2021). Construction of Mutual Gaze: A Review of Studies on Male Gaze, Female Gaze, and Mutual Gaze. Proceedings of the 2021 3rd International Conference on Literature, Art and Human Development (ICLAHD 2021), 594. Atlantis Press.
Image
Yonhap News. (2019). (News Focus) "Gender sensitivity" highlights major #MeToo ruling [Online image]. In Yonhap News Agency. Retrieved from https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20190909006200315
Journal Article
Chang, J. (2020). New Gender Perspectives: Soft Creator and Strong Advocator in the New Korean Wave Era. Asian Women, 36(4), 67–84. https://doi.org/10.14431/aw.2020.12.36.4.67
Dwi, A., & Elvianti, W. (2022). The Role of Hollywood Figures in Propagating Transnational Movement: Case Study of #MeToo in South Korea (2017– 2019). AEGIS, 6(2), 20–44.
Fitri, A., & Kusuma, A. (2021). Girl crush dalam budaya pop Korea (analisis semiotika MV Dalla Dalla dan Wannabe dari Itzy). MEDIALOG: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 4(2), 204–217.
Gill, R. (2007). Postfeminist media culture: Elements of a sensibility. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 10(2).
Hasunuma, L., & Shin, K. (2019). #MeToo in Japan and South Korea: #WeToo, #WithYou. Journal of Women, Politics & Policy, 40(1).
Isabel, H., Rooselinda, A. M. I., Harrianto, J., & Tolosa, M. H. (2022). The Gender Equality Movement in South Korea: The Semiotic Analysis of Blackpink Ddu-du Ddu-du. Calathu: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.37715/calathu.v4i1.2457
Kim, H. M., & Chang, J. (2021). "Sexuality and Public Politics": Temporality of the #MeToo Movement in Contemporary South Korea. Azalea: Journal of Korean Literature & Culture, 14(2021), 243–260. https://doi.org/10.1353/aza.2021.0015
Kim, S., Hwang, S., & Kim, J. (2021). Factors influencing K-pop artists' success on V live online video platform. Telecommunications Policy, 45(3), 102090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2020.102090
Lee, J., & Yi, H. (2020). Ssen-Unni in K-Pop: The Makings of "Strong Sisters" in South Korea. Korea Journal, 60(1).
Lotz, A. D. (2001). Postfeminist Television Criticism: Rehabilitating Critical Terms and Identifying Postfeminist Attributes. Feminist Media Studies, 1(1), 105–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680770120042891
Meilanesia, S. (2021). Dampak gerakan #MeToo di Korea Selatan pada tahun 2018-2020. JOM FISIP, 8(2), 1–15.
Mulvey, L. (1975). Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema. Screen, 16(3), 6–18. Retrieved from https://ia802801.us.archive.org/4/items/visual-pleasure-and-narrative-cinema/Laura-mulvey-visual-pleasure-and-narrative-cinema.pdf
Rahardjo, L. A., Yoanita, D., & Wahjudianata, M. (2019). Representasi posfeminisme dalam video musik “Ddu-Du-Ddu-Du†Blackpink. Jurnal E-Komunikasi, 7(2), 1–8.
Shin, K. (2021). Beyond #WithYou: The New Generation of Feminists and the #MeToo Movement in South Korea. Politics & Gender, 17(3), 507–513. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X2100026X
Yoon, S., & Kim, Y. A. (2020). Cosmetic Surgery and Self-esteem in South Korea: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 44(1), 229–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-019-01515-1
Tweet
TwitterKorea. (2018, December 5). Most Tweeted about Social Issues [Twitter]. Retrieved April 24, 2023, from the Twitter website: https://twitter.com/TwitterKorea/status/1070151123787370498
Websites
Femiwiki. (2022, December 27). MeToo. Retrieved May 5, 2023, from 페미위키 [Femiwiki] website: https://femiwiki.com/w/MeToo#%EB%B0%A9%EC%86%A1
Genius. (2018). BLACKPINK - ëšœë‘ëšœë‘ (DDU-DU DDU-DU) (Romanized). Retrieved from Genius website: https://genius.com/Genius-romanizations-blackpink-ddu-du-ddu-du-romanized-lyrics
Genius. (2021a). Genius Romanizations – Girls’ Generation - Gee (Romanized). Retrieved from Genius website: https://genius.com/Genius-romanizations-girls-generation-gee-romanized-lyrics
Genius. (2021b). S.E.S - I’m Your Girl (Romanized). Retrieved from Genius website: https://genius.com/Genius-romanizations-ses-im-your-girl-romanized-lyrics
Genius. (2022). NewJeans - Ditto (Romanized). Retrieved from Genius website: https://genius.com/Genius-romanizations-newjeans-ditto-romanized-lyrics
Genius. (2023). (G)I-DLE - 퀸카 (Queencard) (Romanized). Retrieved from Genius website: https://genius.com/Genius-romanizations-gi-dle-queencard-romanized-lyrics
Heaton, J. (1998). Social Research Update 22: Secondary analysis of qualitative data. Retrieved May 18, 2023, from Social Research Update website: https://sru.soc.surrey.ac.uk/SRU22.html
Im, E. (2018, March 4). #MeToo followed by #WithYou. The Korea Herald. Retrieved from https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20180304000194
Jumabhoy, F., & Lee, L. (2018, June 1). South Korea: Tough New Sexual Harassment Amendments Enacted. Retrieved May 9, 2023, from Society for Human Resource Management website: https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/legal-and-compliance/employment-law/pages/global-south-korea-metoo.aspx
Kim, S. (2013, October 8). Female Empowerment or Exploitation? | Arts | The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from The Harvard Crimson website: https://www.thecrimson.com/column/k-pop-generation/article/2013/10/8/Female_Empowerment_Exploitation_Kpop/
McDonald, A. (2022, October 17). (G) I-DLE's Soyeon Claps Back At Hate Comments In "Nxde." Retrieved April 4, 2023, from Koreaboo website: https://www.koreaboo.com/news/gi-dle-soyeon-nxde-claps-back-hate-comments/
Park, J. (2022, June 15). Breaking the K-pop taboo: How BTS brings together a global community. Retrieved August 20, 2023, from The Korea Herald website: https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20220615000709
Park, T. K., & Kim, Y. (2019, June 6). How Blackpink, Red Velvet, And More Are Redefining Womanhood In K-pop. Retrieved from MTV website: https://www.mtv.com/news/foz368/k-pop-girl-groups-womanhood-agency
Rozpedowski, J. (2018, November 3). How the hashtag is transforming world politics. Retrieved April 26, 2023, from The Independent website: https://www.independent.co.uk/politics/hashtag-social-media-politics-activism-metoo-sexual-harrassment-rohingya-muslims-a8611506.html
Soompi. (2018, June 29). BLACKPINK Talks About Reason They Chose "DDU-DU DDU-DU" As Title Track, Billboard Success, And More. Retrieved August 20, 2023, from Soompi website: https://www.soompi.com/article/1192719wpp/blackpink-talks-reason-chose-ddu-du-ddu-du-title-track-billboard-success
Telfer, T. (2018, August 2). How Do We Define the Female Gaze in 2018? Retrieved from Vulture website: https://www.vulture.com/2018/08/how-do-we-define-the-female-gaze-in-2018.html
The Hankyoreh. (2018, March 5). [Photo] Hundreds gather in Gwanghwamun Square to support the #MeToo movement. Retrieved April 27, 2023, from Hankyoreh website: http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/834695.html
Yang, H. (2018, February 26). South Korea's Moon urges action against growing #MeToo sex abuse claims. Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN1GA0XT/
Video
(G)I-DLE. (2023). (ì—¬ìž)ì•„ì´ë“¤((G)I-DLE) - "퀸카 (Queencard)" Official Music Video [Music Video]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/7HDeem-JaSY
BLACKPINK. (2018). BLACKPINK - “뚜ë‘ëšœë‘ (DDU-DU DDU-DU)†M/V [Music Video]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/IHNzOHi8sJs
HYBE LABELS. (2022). NewJeans (뉴진스) "Ditto" Official MV (side A) [Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pSUydWEqKwE
SMTOWN. (1997). SES '("Cause) I'm Your Girl" MV [Music Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBge8oUfFwU
SMTOWN. (2009). Girls' Generation 소녀시대 "Gee" MV [Music Video]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/U7mPqycQ0tQ
Published
2024-02-27
How to Cite
Varianna, E. A., & Kusumawardani, N. (2024). THE SHIFTING FROM THE MALE GAZE TO THE FEMALE GAZE IN K-POP GIRL GROUPS AS THE IMPACT OF #METOO MOVEMENT IN SOUTH KOREA. Indonesian Journal of International Relations, 8(1), 264-285. https://doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v8i1.520
Section
Articles
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