RUSSIA INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: MAINTAINING REVISIONIST STATE’S BEHAVIOUR DEALING WITH THE UNITED STATES STRATEGIES
Keywords:
Russia, the U.S, world order, transition, revisionist
Abstract
The world entered the era of change no later than the second half of the 2000s. It is very difficult to have a common understanding of the conditions that surrounded the disintegration of the former world order as well as of the processes, horizons and results of the transition to a new global order. This article discusses what exactly is in store for Russia and when a growing global disorder caused by the collapse of international institutions created after 2nd World War, the preservation of American domination, or something else. It was the United States that started revising the world order; therefore, Russia’s behavior can be considered revisionist only in relation to Washington’s revisionist strategy imposed on it. The current post-Washington world transition is analyzed here in the context of theoretical studies concerning the previous post-Vienna, post-Paris, post-Versailles and post-Yalta transitions and their historical experience. The article concludes that the current post-Washington transition is irreversible, yet it may take more time than the previous ones and extend beyond 2050. Each country should have to rethink its place and strategy of struggle for survival and development in the new transitional world. Russia is still working to define its national strategy, and the success will depend on a combination of asymmetric resistance aimed at upholding the country’s vital interests in the world, active efforts to build a new world order, and domestic reforms required for that.
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References
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Bordachev, T., 2018. Revisionism of powers in the changing historical context. Russia in Global Affairs, 16(3), pp. 46-65. Available at: https://eng.globalaffairs.ru/number/Revisionism-of-Powers-in-the-Changing-Historical-Context-19802, accessed on 10 February 2019.
Bremmer, I., 2018. Us vs. Them: the failure of globalism. New York: Portfolio.
Cohen, S., 2009. Soviet fates and lost alternatives: from Stalinism to the New Cold War. New York: Columbia University Press.
Cox, M., Dunne, T., and Booth, K. (eds.), 2001. Empires, systems, and states: great transformations in international politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fridman, O., 2018. Russian Hybrid Warfare: Resurgence and Politicization. New York: Oxford University Press.
Gilpin, R., 1981. War and change in world politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gunitsky, S. and Tsygankov, A., 2018. The Wilsonian bias in the study of Russian foreign policy. Problems of Post-Communism, 65(6), pp. 385-393.
Hemerijck, A., 2013. Changing welfare states. New York: Oxford University Press.
Holsti, K.J., 1991. Peace and War: Armed Conflicts and International Order, 1648-1989. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ikenberry, G.J. (ed.), 2014. Power, order, and change in world politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ikenberry, G.J., Parmar, I. and Stokes, D., 2018. Ordering the world? Liberal internationalism in theory and practice. International Affairs, 94(1), pp. 1-5.
Kissinger, H., 1994. Diplomacy. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Kissinger, H., 2014. World order. New York: Penguin Books.
Karaganov, S., 2016. Russian foreign policy: “We are smarter, stronger and more determined.” Interview by Neef, C., Spigel, 13 July [online]. Available at: http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/interview-with-putin-foreign-policy-advisor-sergey-karaganov-a-1102629.html, accessed 15 January 2019.
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Kortunov, A., 2016. The inevitable, weird world. Russian Council of International Affairs, 20 July [online]. Available at: http://old.russiancouncil.ru/en/inner/?id_4=7930#top-content, accessed 16 January 2019.
Krickovic, A., 2018. Russia’s challenge: a declining power’s quest for status. Ponars Policy Memo 543, October.
Kurlantzick, J., 2016. State Capitalism: How the Return of Statism is Transforming the World. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lieber, R. J., 2016. Retreat and Its Consequences: American Foreign Policy and the Problem of World Order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Legvold, R., 2016. Return to Cold War. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Lind, J. and Wohlforth, W.C., 2019. The future of the liberal order is conservative. Foreign Affairs, March-April.
Manurung, H., 2017. Russia Sovereignty and Regional Security: The Asymmetric Conflict of the Russian Federation Military in Ukraine (2014). Verity Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional, Volume 9 Nomor 18 (2017), Universitas Pelita Harapan, Jakarta.
Mazarr, M. J. and Rhoades, A. L., 2018. Testing the value of the postwar international order. Washington, DC: RAND.
Monteiro, N., 2014. Theory of Unipolar Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Morgenthau, H.J., 1978. Politics among nations: the struggle for power and peace. Fifth edition, revised. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Murrey, M., 2019. The Struggle for recognition in international relations: status, revisionism, and rising powers. New York: Oxford University Press.
Musgrave, P. 2019. Asymmetry, hierarchy, and the Ecclesiastes trap, International Studies Review [online]. Available at: https://academic.oup.com/isr/advancearticle-abstract/doi/10.1093/isr/viz002/5303908?redirectedFrom=PDF, accessed 16 March 2019.
Plattner, M.C., 1988. Democracy outwits the pessimists. The Wall Street Journal, 12 October.
Primakov, Ye.M., 1996. Na gorizonte – mnogopolyusny?i mir [A multipolar world looms at the horizon]. Mezhdunarodnaya zhizn’, Vol. 10.
Radin, A. and Reach, C. B., 2017. Russian views of the international order. Washington, DC: RAND.
RCIA, 2017. Tezisy po vneshne? politike i pozitsionirovaniyu Rossii v mire (2017-2035 gg.) [Thesis on Russia’s Foreign Policy and Self-Presentation in the World (2017–2035)]. Moscow: Russian Council of International Affairs.
Sakwa, R., 2017. Russia against the Rest: the post-Cold War crisis of world order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schroeder, P.W., 1994. The transformation of European politics, 1763-1848. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Stent, A., 2014. The limits of partnership: U.S.-Russian relations in the twenty-first century. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Stuenkel, O., 2016. Post-Western world: how emerging powers are remaking global order. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Taylor, A.J.P., 1954. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848-1918. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tsygankov, A. P., 2012. Russia and the West from Alexander to Putin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tsygankov, A., 2015. Sil’noye gosudarstvo: teoriya i praktika v XXI veke [Powerful state: theory and practice in the 21st century]. Valdaiskiye zapiski [pdf]. Available at: http://ru.valdaiclub.com/files/22160, accessed 24 March 2019.
Tsygankov, A., 2019, Forthcoming. Russia and America: The asymmetric Rivalry. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Valdai Report, 2018. Living in a crumbling world. October [pdf]. Available at: http://valdaiclub.com/files/20155, accessed 25 March 2019.
Wohlforth, W., 2018. Presentation at the Valdai International Forum, October 16.
Wolfers, A., 1965. Discord and collaboration: essays on international politics. Washington, DC: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Womack, B., 2016. Asymmetry and international relationships. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Yavlinsky, G., 2017. Rossii ne stoit nadeyatsya na “novuyu Yaltu” [Russia should not hope for a “new Yalta”]. Nezavisimaya gazeta, 26 September [online]. Available at: http://www.ng.ru/ideas/2017-09-26/5_7081_future.html, accessed 15 January 2019.
Published
2019-08-31
How to Cite
Manurung, H. (2019). RUSSIA INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: MAINTAINING REVISIONIST STATE’S BEHAVIOUR DEALING WITH THE UNITED STATES STRATEGIES . Indonesian Journal of International Relations, 3(1), 19-51. https://doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v3i1.69
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2019 Indonesian Journal of International Relations
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