PERAN ELON MUSK DALAM KONFLIK RUSIA-UKRAINA 2022
Keywords:
Elon Musk, social network theory, Russia- Ukraine conflict
Abstract
This paper analyzes the impact of entrepreneur and public figure Elon Musk on the 2022 Russia-Ukraine conflict. Through the use of social network theory and the concept of Popularity, this research shows that although Musk was not an official state actor, he played a significant role in the conflict. His global popularity and extensive connections to both sides of the conflict enabled him to influence the government, media, and public. His actions and statements, such as providing Ukraine with Starlink Internet access and proposing a controversial peace plan, had a visible impact on the dynamics of the conflict. These findings highlight the significant role and potential influence of non-state actors in international conflicts. Non-state actors, particularly those with global reach and popularity, can shape public opinion, influence government policies, and even alter the course of conflicts.
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References
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Esty, D. C., & Bell, M. L. (2018). Business Leadership in Global Climate Change Responses. American Journal of Public Health, 108(S2), S80–S84. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304336
Fedorov, M. (2022). Як змінилася робота Міністерства цифрової інформації під час війни? https://www.pravda.com.ua/columns/2022/05/27/7348844/
Gamper, M. (2022). Social Network Theories: An Overview. In A. Klärner, M. Gamper, S. Keim-Klärner, I. Moor, H. von der Lippe, & N. Vonneilich (Eds.), Social Networks and Health Inequalities: A New Perspective for Research (pp. 35–48). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97722-1_3
Gilde, L. ‘t. (2014). Social Network Theory in International Relations Research A literature review. Bachelor Thesis Liberal Arts and Sciences Major Social Sciences, Liberal Arts and Sciences Faculty of Humanities Tilburg Universit.
Gregersen, E. (2023, June 16). Elon Musk | Biography, SpaceX, Tesla, Twitter, & Facts | Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elon-Musk
Hamilton, I. A. (2022). The story of Neuralink: Elon Musk’s AI brain-chip company where he had twins with a top executive. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/neuralink-elon-musk-microchips-brains-ai-2021-2
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Higgins, T. (Journalist). (2021). Power play : Tesla, Elon Musk, and the bet of the century. Random House LCC US.
Hunder, M. (2022). Ukraine presidential aide warns against Musk’s “magical simple solutions.” Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/ukraine-presidential-aide-warns-against-musks-magical-simple-solutions-2022-12-04/
Jia, J., Pan, H., & Su, J. (2023). Analysis of Motivations, Process, and Implications of Elon Musk’s Acquisition of Twitter. BCP Business & Management, 47, 145–153. https://doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v47i.5185
Johnson, B. (2022). The richest man in the world: Elon Musk and material power | USU. International Srudies, Department of Political Science, Utah State University. https://chass.usu.edu/international-studies/aggies-go/news/elon-musk-material-power
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King, B. G., Felin, T., & Whetten, D. A. (2010). Finding the Organization in Organizational Theory: A Meta-Theory of the Organization as a Social Actor. Organization Science, 21(1), 290–305. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27765965
Kluger, J. (2022). Ukraine Has Been Using Elon Musk’s Satellites And Russia Is Not Happy About It. Time. https://time.com/6226133/russia-ukraine-spacex-satellites-elon-musk/
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Lokesh, S. (2023). ELON MUSK’S NEURALINK “AN UPDATE FOR HUMANS” - A CONCEPTUAL REVIEW. International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science. https://doi.org/10.56726/IRJMETS31728
Maradin, D., Malnar, A., & Kaštelan, A. (2022). Sustainable and Clean Energy: The Case of Tesla Company. JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, FINANCE AND MANAGEMENT STUDIES, 05. https://doi.org/10.47191/jefms/v5-i12-10
Meyer, J. W., Boli, J., Thomas, G. M., & Ramirez, F. O. (1997). World Society and the Nation‐State. American Journal of Sociology, 103(1), 144–181. https://doi.org/10.1086/231174
Musk, E. (2022). Elon Musk on X: "Ukraine-Russia Peace: - Redo elections of annexed regions under UN supervision. Russia leaves if that is will of the people. - Crimea formally part of Russia, as it has been since 1783 (until Khrushchev’s mistake). - Water supply to Crime. https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1576969255031296000
NDTV News Desk. (2022). Why Did Russia Invade Ukraine? The Conflict Explained In 10 Points. World News. https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/why-did-russia-invade-ukraine-the-conflict-explained-in-5-points-2786200
Ornay, E. S. de, & Azizah, N. (2022). KEPENTINGAN KEAMANAN NASIONAL RUSIA DALAM SERANGAN MILITER TERHADAP UKRAINA TAHUN 2022. Jurnal Communitarian, Vol.4, 1.
Purwanti, T. (2022). Perang Rusia & Ukraina Memanas, ASEAN Desak Gencatan Senjata! CNBC INDONESIA. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20220303195455-4-319842/perang-rusia-ukraina-memanas-asean-desak-gencatan-senjata
Ray, K. (2023). Starlink’s Role in Ukraine: Portent of a Space War? Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. https://www.idsa.in/jds/17-1-2023-Starlink-Role-in-Ukraine
Roy, A. (2022). Elon Musk’s war and future of connectivity. AFT Media. https://autofintechs.com/elon-musks-war-and-future-of-connectivity/
Swanson, A. (2022). U.S. announces sweeping restrictions on technological exports to Russia. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/24/business/us-announces-sweeping-restrictions-on-technological-exports-to-russia.html
TASS. (2022). Russia has right to shoot down Starlink satellites — US analyst - World - TASS. TASS Russian News Agency. https://tass.com/world/1712675
The Associated Press. (2022). Elon Musk’s peace plan for Ukraine draws condemnation from Zelenskyy : NPR. https://www.npr.org/2022/10/04/1126714896/elon-musk-ukraine-peace-plan-zelenskyy
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Tidman, Z. (2022). Ukraine’s Zelensky thanks Elon Musk for sending Starlink systems. The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/ukraine-zelensky-elon-musk-starlink-b2029650.html
Trofimov, Y., Maidenberg, M., & FitzGerald, D. (2022). Ukraine Leans on Elon Musk’s Starlink in Fight Against Russia - WSJ. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/ukraine-leans-on-elon-musks-starlink-in-fight-against-russia-11657963804
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Vance, A. (2016). Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future. In Physiological Research (Vol. 65, Issue 3). HarperCollins.
Vance, A. (2018). Elon Musk : pria di balik PayPal, Tesla, SpaceX, dan masa depan yang fanastis. Mizan Media Utama.
VOA. (2022). Sidang Umum PBB Kecam Keras Invasi Rusia ke Ukraina. VOA Indonesia. https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/sidang-umum-pbb-kecam-keras-invasi-rusia-ke-ukraina/6467959.html
Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. In Structural Analysis in the Social Sciences. Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/social-network-analysis/90030086891EB3491D096034684EFFB8
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[@FedorovMykhailo], M. F. (2022). Over 100 cruise missiles attacked ?? energy and communications infrastructure. But with Starlink we quickly restored the connection in critical areas. Starlink continues to be an essential part of critical infrastructure. Twitter. https://twitter.com/FedorovMykhailo/status/1580275214272802817
[@MelnykAndrij], A. M. (2022). @elonmusk The only outcome ist that now no Ukrainian will EVER buy your f…ing tesla crap. So good luck to you .@elonmusk. Twitter. https://twitter.com/MelnykAndrij/status/1576980433564147712
[@ZelenskyyUa], В. З. (2022). Which @elonmusk do you like more? Twitter. https://twitter.com/ZelenskyyUa/status/1577006943499350016
Al Jazeera Staff. (2022). ‘No other option’: Excerpts of Putin’s speech declaring war. News Russia-Ukraine War. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/24/putins-speech-declaring-war-on-ukraine-translated-excerpts
Andrews, B. (1975). Social Rules and the State as a Social Actor. World Politics, 27(4), 521–540. https://doi.org/10.2307/2010013
Antoniuk, D. (2022). How Elon Musk’s Starlink satellite internet keeps Ukraine online. The Kyiv Independent. https://kyivindependent.com/how-elon-musks-starlink-satellite-internet-keeps-ukraine-online/
Barabási, A.-L., & Albert, R. (1999). Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks. Science, 286(5439), 509–512. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.286.5439.509
Beaumont, P. (2022). Ukraine has fastest-growing refugee crisis since second world war, says UN. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/06/ukraine-fastest-growing-refugee-crisis-since-second-world-war
Bloomberg. (2023, June 16). Miao Miao - Bloomberg Billionaires Index. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/
Bove, T. (2022). Ukraine President Zelensky panned Elon Musk’s peace plan and invited him to see the war-torn country in person. Fortune. https://fortune.com/2022/11/30/zelensky-criticizes-elon-musk-ukraine-peace-plan-invites-him-to-see-war-torn-ukraine/
Clark, S. (2023). SpaceX launches another 52 Starlink internet satellites – Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2023/06/12/falcon-9-starlink-5-11-coverage/
CNBC Indonesia. (2022). Ini Kronologi Perang Rusia-Ukraina, Apa Penyebab Putin Murka? - Halaman 4. CNBC Indonesia. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20220302063202-4-319392/ini-kronologi-perang-rusia-ukraina-apa-penyebab-putin-murka
CNN INDONESIA. (2022). Kenapa Putin Ngotot Isu Neo-Nazi jadi Dalih Rusia Serang Ukraina? CNN INDONESIA. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20220323082458-134-774984/kenapa-putin-ngotot-isu-neo-nazi-jadi-dalih-rusia-serang-ukraina
Cronin, A. K. (2023). How Private Tech Companies Are Reshaping Great Power Competition. The Kissinger Center Papers , Henry A. Kissinger Center for Global Affairs. https://sais.jhu.edu/kissinger/programs-and-projects/kissinger-center-papers/how-private-tech-companies-are-reshaping-great-power-competition
Daniels, A. (2021). A Space-Based Solution to Improve Roadway Safety and Efficiency in Virginia: Real-Time Winter Weather Data for Navigation; An Analysis of SpaceX’s Starlink Megaconstellation Network [University of Virginia]. https://libraetd.lib.virginia.edu/public_view/5m60qs75g
DW Staff. (2022). AS, Inggris dan Uni Eropa Umumkan Sanksi Baru Terhadap Rusia – DW – 06.04.2022. DW.COM. https://www.dw.com/id/as-inggris-dan-uni-eropa-umumkan-sanksi-baru-terhadap-rusia/a-61378500
Elon Musk talks Twitter, Tesla and how his brain works — live at TED2022. (2022). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdZZpaB2kDM
Esty, D. C., & Bell, M. L. (2018). Business Leadership in Global Climate Change Responses. American Journal of Public Health, 108(S2), S80–S84. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304336
Fedorov, M. (2022). Як змінилася робота Міністерства цифрової інформації під час війни? https://www.pravda.com.ua/columns/2022/05/27/7348844/
Gamper, M. (2022). Social Network Theories: An Overview. In A. Klärner, M. Gamper, S. Keim-Klärner, I. Moor, H. von der Lippe, & N. Vonneilich (Eds.), Social Networks and Health Inequalities: A New Perspective for Research (pp. 35–48). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97722-1_3
Gilde, L. ‘t. (2014). Social Network Theory in International Relations Research A literature review. Bachelor Thesis Liberal Arts and Sciences Major Social Sciences, Liberal Arts and Sciences Faculty of Humanities Tilburg Universit.
Gregersen, E. (2023, June 16). Elon Musk | Biography, SpaceX, Tesla, Twitter, & Facts | Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elon-Musk
Hamilton, I. A. (2022). The story of Neuralink: Elon Musk’s AI brain-chip company where he had twins with a top executive. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/neuralink-elon-musk-microchips-brains-ai-2021-2
Harbani, R. I. (2022). Kronologi Konflik Rusia-Ukraina Sejak 1991, Berawal dari Pecahnya Soviet. Detikedu. https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-5966988/kronologi-konflik-rusia-ukraina-sejak-1991-berawal-dari-pecahnya-soviet
Higgins, T. (Journalist). (2021). Power play : Tesla, Elon Musk, and the bet of the century. Random House LCC US.
Hunder, M. (2022). Ukraine presidential aide warns against Musk’s “magical simple solutions.” Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/ukraine-presidential-aide-warns-against-musks-magical-simple-solutions-2022-12-04/
Jia, J., Pan, H., & Su, J. (2023). Analysis of Motivations, Process, and Implications of Elon Musk’s Acquisition of Twitter. BCP Business & Management, 47, 145–153. https://doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v47i.5185
Johnson, B. (2022). The richest man in the world: Elon Musk and material power | USU. International Srudies, Department of Political Science, Utah State University. https://chass.usu.edu/international-studies/aggies-go/news/elon-musk-material-power
KH, T. D. I. (2022). Dampak Perang Rusia-Ukraina bagi Ekonomi hingga Perdagangan Dunia. Fortuneidn.com. https://www.fortuneidn.com/news/tanayastri/dampak-perang-rusia-ukraina-untuk-ekonomi-global-tak-main-main
King, B. G., Felin, T., & Whetten, D. A. (2010). Finding the Organization in Organizational Theory: A Meta-Theory of the Organization as a Social Actor. Organization Science, 21(1), 290–305. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27765965
Kluger, J. (2022). Ukraine Has Been Using Elon Musk’s Satellites And Russia Is Not Happy About It. Time. https://time.com/6226133/russia-ukraine-spacex-satellites-elon-musk/
Kolodny, L. (2023). Elon Musk says his days are “long and complicated” splitting time between SpaceX, Tesla and Twitter. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/23/elon-musk-splits-time-across-spacex-tesla-and-twitter-heres-how.html
Korso, T. (2022). Elon Musk Accountable for Starlink Supplies to Ukraine’s Neo-Nazis. Sputnik International. https://sputnikglobe.com/20220508/elon-musk-accountable-for-starlink-supplies-to-ukraines-neo-nazis-russian-roscosmos-chief-says-1095347720.html
Lehmann, A. (2023). 5 Reasons Why SpaceX Became So Successful. https://dailyknowhow.medium.com/5-reasons-why-spacex-became-so-successful-ad6e9bc2f98
Lokesh, S. (2023). ELON MUSK’S NEURALINK “AN UPDATE FOR HUMANS” - A CONCEPTUAL REVIEW. International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science. https://doi.org/10.56726/IRJMETS31728
Maradin, D., Malnar, A., & Kaštelan, A. (2022). Sustainable and Clean Energy: The Case of Tesla Company. JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, FINANCE AND MANAGEMENT STUDIES, 05. https://doi.org/10.47191/jefms/v5-i12-10
Meyer, J. W., Boli, J., Thomas, G. M., & Ramirez, F. O. (1997). World Society and the Nation‐State. American Journal of Sociology, 103(1), 144–181. https://doi.org/10.1086/231174
Musk, E. (2022). Elon Musk on X: "Ukraine-Russia Peace: - Redo elections of annexed regions under UN supervision. Russia leaves if that is will of the people. - Crimea formally part of Russia, as it has been since 1783 (until Khrushchev’s mistake). - Water supply to Crime. https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1576969255031296000
NDTV News Desk. (2022). Why Did Russia Invade Ukraine? The Conflict Explained In 10 Points. World News. https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/why-did-russia-invade-ukraine-the-conflict-explained-in-5-points-2786200
Ornay, E. S. de, & Azizah, N. (2022). KEPENTINGAN KEAMANAN NASIONAL RUSIA DALAM SERANGAN MILITER TERHADAP UKRAINA TAHUN 2022. Jurnal Communitarian, Vol.4, 1.
Purwanti, T. (2022). Perang Rusia & Ukraina Memanas, ASEAN Desak Gencatan Senjata! CNBC INDONESIA. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20220303195455-4-319842/perang-rusia-ukraina-memanas-asean-desak-gencatan-senjata
Ray, K. (2023). Starlink’s Role in Ukraine: Portent of a Space War? Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. https://www.idsa.in/jds/17-1-2023-Starlink-Role-in-Ukraine
Roy, A. (2022). Elon Musk’s war and future of connectivity. AFT Media. https://autofintechs.com/elon-musks-war-and-future-of-connectivity/
Swanson, A. (2022). U.S. announces sweeping restrictions on technological exports to Russia. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/24/business/us-announces-sweeping-restrictions-on-technological-exports-to-russia.html
TASS. (2022). Russia has right to shoot down Starlink satellites — US analyst - World - TASS. TASS Russian News Agency. https://tass.com/world/1712675
The Associated Press. (2022). Elon Musk’s peace plan for Ukraine draws condemnation from Zelenskyy : NPR. https://www.npr.org/2022/10/04/1126714896/elon-musk-ukraine-peace-plan-zelenskyy
The Independent. (2023). Starlink: What has Elon Musk said about Russia’s war in Ukraine? The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/elon-musk-ukraine-starlink-b2282465.html
Tidman, Z. (2022). Ukraine’s Zelensky thanks Elon Musk for sending Starlink systems. The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/ukraine-zelensky-elon-musk-starlink-b2029650.html
Trofimov, Y., Maidenberg, M., & FitzGerald, D. (2022). Ukraine Leans on Elon Musk’s Starlink in Fight Against Russia - WSJ. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/ukraine-leans-on-elon-musks-starlink-in-fight-against-russia-11657963804
Valente, T., Gallaher, P., & Mouttapa, M. (2004). Using Social Networks to Understand and Prevent Substance Use: A Transdisciplinary Perspective. Substance Use & Misuse, 39, 1685–1712. https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-200033210
Vance, A. (2016). Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future. In Physiological Research (Vol. 65, Issue 3). HarperCollins.
Vance, A. (2018). Elon Musk : pria di balik PayPal, Tesla, SpaceX, dan masa depan yang fanastis. Mizan Media Utama.
VOA. (2022). Sidang Umum PBB Kecam Keras Invasi Rusia ke Ukraina. VOA Indonesia. https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/sidang-umum-pbb-kecam-keras-invasi-rusia-ke-ukraina/6467959.html
Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. In Structural Analysis in the Social Sciences. Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/social-network-analysis/90030086891EB3491D096034684EFFB8
Wilson, J. (2022). Musk’s plan to end Russian war infuriates Ukraine on Twitter. AP NEWS. https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-zelenskyy-elon-musk-spacex-twitter-inc-5c13c550483f8fa5e25daa7ac71e0ed5
Published
2024-01-25
How to Cite
Maulana, M. A. (2024). PERAN ELON MUSK DALAM KONFLIK RUSIA-UKRAINA 2022. Indonesian Journal of International Relations, 8(1), 24-52. https://doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v8i1.514
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2024 Indonesian Journal of International Relations
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